Critical Thinking (BES-103)

Lecture 14
Propositional Logics

Hadiqua Fazal
Asst Prof
Computer Science Department
Objectives

▷Propositional Logic
▷Conjunction
▷Disjunction
▷Negation
▷Implies
▷Biconditional
Propositional Logic
▷ Propositions are statements that can be either true or
false, and propositional logic focuses on analyzing the
logical relationships between these propositions.

▷ In propositional logic, propositions are represented by

variables, typically denoted by uppercase letters (P, Q,
R, etc.), which can take on truth values of either "True"
or "False." These variables can be combined using
logical operators to form compound propositions.
Conjunction (And)

▷ In propositional logic, a conjunction is a logical

connective that combines two propositions using
the "and" operator.
▷ It is denoted by the symbol ∧.
▷ The resulting compound proposition is true only
when both of its component propositions are
true; otherwise, it is false.
Example

"It is raining and I have an umbrella.

P Q P∧Q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
Example

"It is sunny and It is warm”

Disjunction (OR)

▷ In propositional logic, a disjunction is a

logical connective that combines two
propositions using the "or" operator.
▷ It is denoted by the symbol ∨.
▷ The resulting compound proposition is true if
at least one of its component propositions is
true.
Example

“Frank is angry or Hank is tired,”

P Q P∨Q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
Negation (NOT)
Negation: It represents the logical negation
or complement of a proposition.
▷ It is denoted by the symbol "~" or "¬“
Example:
▷ P: The sun is shining.
▷ Example: "The sun is not shining (¬P)."
▷ Symbolic representation: ¬P
Truth Table
Implication (→)

▷ Implication (→): It represents the logical "if-

then" operation.
▷ The implication of two propositions P and
Q (denoted as P → Q) is true if P is false or
if P is true and Q is true; it is false only if P
is true and Q is false.
Example
▷ Example: It is raining then I will take an umbrella.
▷ P: It is raining. Q: I will take an umbrella.
▷ Symbolic representation: P → Q
Biconditional (if and only if)

▷ It represents the logical "if and only if"

operation.
▷ The biconditional of two propositions P and
Q (denoted as P ↔ Q) is true if both P and Q
have the same truth value (either both true
or both false);
▷ it is false if P and Q have different truth
values.
Example
▷ P: The sun is shining. Q: The weather is warm.
▷ Example: "The sun is shining (P) if and only if
the weather is warm (Q)."
▷ Symbolic representation: P ↔ Q
Activity

▷ "It is raining, I have an umbrella, and I

am wearing a raincoat.“
▷ P: It is raining. Q: I have an umbrella.
R: I am wearing a raincoat.
▷ Symbolic representation: P ∧ Q ∧ R
Activity
Activity

▷ P: It is raining. Q: I have an umbrella.

R: I am wearing a raincoat.
▷ Example: "It is raining (P), I have an
umbrella (Q), and I am wearing a
raincoat (R) if and only if all three
conditions are satisfied."
▷ Symbolic representation: (P ∧ Q ∧ R)
↔ (P ∧ Q ∧ R)
Activity
Activity

▷ "It is raining (P), and I have an

umbrella (Q) or I am wearing a
raincoat (R).“
▷ P: It is raining. Q: I have an umbrella.
R: I am wearing a raincoat.
▷ Symbolic representation: P ∧ (Q ∨ R)
Activity
Activity

▷ "The car is not red (¬P) or the car is

blue (Q) or the car is green (R).“
▷ P: The car is red. Q: The car is blue.
R: The car is green.
▷ Symbolic representation: ¬P ∨ Q ∨ R
Activity
Try it yourself!

▷ "If the sun is shining (P) and the weather is warm

(Q), then I am going to the beach (R) and I will
swim in the ocean (S).“
▷ “If John is tall (P) and Mary is intelligent (Q), then
David is rich (R).”
Try it yourself! Solution

▷ "If the sun is shining (P) and the weather is

warm (Q), then I am going to the beach
(R) and I will swim in the ocean
(S).“Symbolic representation: (P ∧ Q) →
(R ∧ S)
▷ “If John is tall (P) and Mary is intelligent
(Q), then David is rich (R).” Symbolic
representation: (P ∧ Q) → R