UNIT 5: EVIDENCE BASED-

PRACTICES RELATED TO
HEALTH EDUCATION
 Evidenced-Based Related to Health
Education
• Evidence based is “the integration of best
research evidence with clinical expertise
and patient values” which when applied by
practitioners will ultimately lead to
improved patient outcome.
 Evidenced-Based Related to Health
Education

• the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of

current best evidence in making decisions about
the care of the individual patient. It means
integrating individual clinical expertise with the
best available external clinical evidence from
systematic research."
 Three Components of Evidence-based
Practice
In the original model there are three fundamental
components of evidence-based practice.
• Best evidence which is usually found in clinically relevant
research that has been conducted using sound
methodology
• Clinical expertise refers to the clinicians cumulated
education, experience and clinical skills
• Patient values which are unique preferences, concerns
and expectations each patient brings to a clinical
encounter.
• It is in the integration of these three components that defines a
clinical decision evidenced-based. This integration can be effectively
achieved by carrying out the five following steps of evidenced- based
practice.

Individual Clinical Best External

Expertise Evidence

Patient Values
& Expectations
UNIT 6: ETHICO MORAL AND
LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF
CLIENT EDUCATION
ETHICO-MORAL AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS
OF CLIENT EDUCATION
• Nurses often share in intimate struggles and complexities
of life and death decisions with patients and
families within any given clinical unit, practice setting, or
designated role.
• Knowledge generation from breakthroughs in genetics,
genomics, precision medicine, and other scientific areas
test nurses' ability to keep pace with the ethical issues
often associated with these technological developments in
both clinical care and research.
Ethical issues also arise in everyday nursing
practice. These issues may be concerns affecting
the nurse-patient relationship, including but
not limited to, misunderstandings associated with
informed consent; conflict about treatment goals;
power differentials between and among
healthcare clinicians, patients, families, and
others; lack of supportive resources and policies
to guide practice decisions; truth-telling; and
disparities in access to care.
 ETHICAL CONCERNS
• Correctional nursing allows the nurse to practice the essence of
nursing while recognizing that all patients have intrinsic value.
Achieving and staying true to professional nursing values while
practicing in the correctional setting can create a unique set of ethical,
legal and professional issues for the nurse.
• For the nurse in a traditional medical setting, ethical decisions occur
occasionally and at times the nurse may face ethical dilemmas. In
contrast, the correctional nurse may face ethical situations daily. The
correctional nurse makes ethical decisions about care delivery, caring
and patient advocacy in planning and providing safe patient care.
There are six ethical principles that arise frequently for
the nurse who works in the correctional setting.
• 1. Respect for persons (autonomy and self-
determination)
• 2. Beneficence (doing good)
• 3. Non-maleficence (avoiding harm)
• 4. Justice (fairness, equitability, truthfulness)
• 5. Veracity (telling the truth)
• 6. Fidelity (remaining faithful to one’s commitment)
• One of the common ethical concerns that arises for the
correctional nurse relates to demonstrating caring in a
custody environment. Correctional nurses must find
balance in displaying an attitude of care and compassion
while recognizing and maintaining safe boundaries.
• Another area of ethical concern is the nurse’s
responsibility for ensuring that patients have access to
care. The values associated with nursing practice include
nurse advocacy, respect for humans and eliminating
barriers to care. The correctional nurse is in a unique
position to evaluate the quality and effectiveness of
patient care.
• End-of life care is another ethical concern for the correctional
nurse. Patients die while incarcerated and the nurse has a role in
helping the patient to die with dignity and comfort. In some
prisons, nurse participation in execution may arise as an ethical
issue. The correctional nurse should not participate in executions.
• The legal doctrine of “informed consent” is an important
application of the principle of autonomy. It is not as well
understood by a practitioners as it should be. It is not sufficient to
tell a patient the risks and benefits of a medication or a procedure.
The patient must be told also of the risks and benefits of no
treatment and of other options for treatment or other
medications that may (or may not) be efficacious.
 LEGAL ISSUES

• The legal implications of nursing practice are tied to

licensure, state and federal laws, scope of practice and
a public expectation that nurses practice at a high
professional standard. The nurse’s education, license
and nursing standard provide the framework by which
nurses are expected to practice. When a nurse’s
practice falls below acceptable standards of care and
competence, this exposes the nurse to litigation.
• The basis for litigation can relate to negligence, failing
to exercise the level of care that a reasonable,
prudent nurse would under similar circumstances;
malpractice; and professional negligence,
which means an act of neglect committed in the
nurse’s professional role. Acts of omission and
commission will also subject the nurse to litigation
and professional license review. Both litigation and
professional license review can result in reprimand of
a nurse’s license or loss of a license.
• The nurse has a legal and ethical obligation to respond
to the request for care. In general, the nurse should see
the patient to evaluate health needs and determine the
level of care required. If the communication is from the
officer to the nurse, the nurse has a responsibility to
speak to the inmate. A face-to-face discussion would be
best, but the nurse could also first speak with the inmate
by phone, making sure to ask the right questions, and
then determining if the inmate should be moved to the
medical unit or if the nurse should go to the inmate’s
housing area.
UNIT 7: HEALTH EDUCATION
TEAM
 A.ROLE OF THE NURSE AS A HEALTH
EDUCATOR
• 1.Giver of Information-
• or as a communicator the nurse understands that effective
communication techniques can help improve the healthcare
environment. Barriers to effective communication can
inhibit the healing process. The nurse has to communicate
effectively with the patient and family members as well as
other members of the healthcare team. In addition, the
nurse is responsible for written communication, or patient
charting, which is a key component to continuity of care.
2.Facilitator of Learning-
The nurse works with other healthcare workers as the
manager of care and ensures that the patient's care
is cohesive. The nurse directs and coordinates care by
both professionals and nonprofessionals to confirm
that a patient's goals are being met. The nurse is also
responsible for continuity from the moment a patient
enters the hospital setting to the time they are
discharged home and beyond. This may even include
overseeing home care instructions.
• 3.Coordinator of Teaching-
• a nurse provides hands-on care to patients in a variety of
settings. This includes physical needs, which can range
from total care (doing everything for someone) to helping
a patient with illness prevention. The nurse maintains a
patient's dignity while providing knowledgeable, skilled
care. Nurses care holistically for a patient. Holistic care
emphasizes that the whole person is greater than the sum
of their parts. This means that nurses also address
psychosocial, developmental, cultural, and spiritual needs.
• 4.Advocate for the client
As a patient advocate, the nurse’s
responsibility is to protect a patient’s rights.
When a person is sick, they are unable to act
as they might when they are well. The
nurses acts on the patients behalf and
support their decisions, standing up for his or
her best interest at all times.
 ROLE OF THE OTHER MEMBERS OF THE
HEALTH TEAM
1.Primary care doctors:
When patients need medical care, they first go
to primary care doctors. Primary care doctors focus on
preventive healthcare. This includes regular check-ups,
disease screening tests, immunizations and
health counseling. Primary care doctors may be family
practitioners, internal medicine or Osteopathic Doctors
(OD's). Pediatricians also provide primary care for babies,
children and teenagers.
2.Physician's Assistants:
• are licensed to practice medicine and are
supervised by a doctor. Their training is similar to
a doctor's but they do not complete an internship
or residency. Like a medical doctor, a physician's
assistant can perform physical exams, order tests,
diagnose illnesses and prescribe medicine, assist in
surgery, provide preventive Healthcare counseling.
Education for PA's includes a 4-year degree plus a 2-
year Physician Assistant program.
3.Advanced Practice Nurses (APN’s), Clinical
Educators and Nurse Practitioners:
• Work with the staff nurses to educate and coach
patients and their families; act as patient
advocates; and coordinate care for patients. Nurses
assess, administer and monitor treatments, help
diagnose problems, and are watchful of any
complications.
• 4.Pharmacists:
• give patients medicines that are prescribed, or
recommended, by a doctor. They tell patients how
to use medicines and answer questions about side
effects. Sometimes pharmacists help doctors
choose which medicines to give patients and let
doctors know if combinations of medicines may
interact and harm patients.
• 5.Dentists:
• diagnose and treat problems with teeth and
mouth, along with giving advice and
administering care to help prevent future
problems. They teach patients about brushing,
flossing, fluoride, and other aspects of dental
care. They treat tooth decay, fill cavities and
replace missing teeth.
• 7.Radiology Technologists:
• also called radiographers, help providers
diagnose and treat disease by taking x-rays. For
some procedures technologists make a solution
that patients drink to help soft body tissues can
be seen. Radiology technologists are can
specialize in computed tomography (CT
scans), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI’s)
or mammography.
•8.Clinical Nutrition Services:
• include Registered Dietitians and Nutrition
Technicians who work together in
consultation with other healthcare
professionals to provide nutritional care
and education. Clinical dietitians are
skilled at assessing your nutritional
requirements.
• 9.Psychologists:
• assess, diagnose, and treat emotional health
issues. They help people deal with ill nesses,
injuries, and personal crises in their lives. Post-
traumatic stress disorder, depression, pain
management, sleep difficulties, adjustment
difficulties, anxiety, and feelings of grief
and loss are often treated by psychologists.
•10.Occupational Therapists:
• help patients perform tasks needed for every-day living
or working. They work with patients who have physical,
mental or developmental disabilities. This includes stroke
patients who have lost function on one side of their
body, heart or lung disease patients with activity or
breathing limitations, or diabetes patients who have had
a limb amputated. Occupational therapists help clients
find new ways to dress, cook, eat or work. They may visit
patients in their home or workplace to find adaptive
equipment or teach patients new ways to do things.
•11.Social workers:
• In a clinical or hospital setting help patients and families
cope with emotional, physical and financial issues
related to an illness. Depending on a patient's need a
social worker may help coordinate services such as
housing, transportation, financial assistance, meals,
long-term care, or hospice care. Social workers may also
refer patients to mental health professionals for
emotional or substance abuse support. Social workers
have a master's degree and are licensed by the state.
• 12.Administrative and clerical staff:
• coordinate and facilitate patient care. They schedule
appointments, answer phones, greet patients, keep
medical records, handle medical billing, fill out insurance
forms, arrange for laboratory or other diagnostic services,
and handle financial records. Some job titles
of administrative or clerical staff include:
• Clinic Coordinator
• Administrative Medical Assistant
• Medical Records Specialist
• Medical Billing Specialist
• Financial Counselor
• Scheduler
•13.Volunteers:
• are an important part of the healthcare team. The
duties of volunteers can vary widely. Volunteers
may have administrative duties and work in
reception areas or gift shops. In a medical office
they may file documents, answer phones, help with
health screening or deliver documents to various
parts of the hospital. "Advanced Volunteers" have
special training and may work closely patients
under the supervision of a nurse or doctor.
 ROLE OF THE FAMILY IN HEALTH
EDUCATION
• Family health- Is part of community health.
It is more than the sum of personal health
of individual. It is a unit of health care.
• Role and responsibilities of parent:
• A parent must:
• Protect his/her young from physical harm.
• Provide physical necessities, such as food, water,
clothing protection from the ailments.
• Provide emotional necessities.
• Assist with education in preparation for the child to
become a productive adult.
• Provide moral guidance so that the child can turn out
to be a responsible adult.
• Parenting education
• Parenting education is a course or programmed
which is given to raising successful children,
creating competent, confident parents, and
building strong families and communities.
• With love, limits, and lots of involvement,
parents can have a major influence in developing
happy, healthy and well-behaved children.
• A parent education program is a course that can
be followed to correct and improve a person’s
parenting skills, such courses may be general, covering
the most common issues parents may encounter, or
specific, for infants, toddlers, children and teenager s.
• These courses may also be geared towards parents
who are considering having a child, or adopting one,
or are pregnant.