Renewable energies

The technology of renewable energy sources.

Renewable energy
• That do not deplete or can be replenished with human’s lifetime.
• Most renewable energy is derived directly or indirectly from the sun.
Types of renewable energy
• Solar (Solar power plant)
• Wind (Wind power plant)
• Biomass (Biofuels, Biopower and Bioproducts)
• Hydrogen (Fuel Cells)
• Geothermal (Geothermal, Power Plant and Heat Pumps)
• Ocean (Tidal Power, Wave Power and Thermal)
• Hydropower (Hydropower Plant)
Solar (Solar power plant)

• Comes from the sun.

• Solar panels are devices that convert light into electricity.

Solar cell to array

Efficiency of solar panel
• Solar panel efficiency is a measurement of a solar panel’s ability to convert
sunlight into usable electricity.
• The same amount of sunlight shining for the same duration of time on two
solar panels with different efficiency ratings, the more efficient panel will
produce more electricity than the less efficient panel.
• The same amount of sunlight shining for the same duration of time on two
solar panels with different efficiency ratings, the more efficient panel will
produce more electricity than the less efficient panel.
• High-quality solar panels can exceed 22% efficiency in some cases (and
almost reach 23%!), but the majority of photovoltaic panels available are
not above 20% efficiency.
Costs of solar power energy
• In 2019, the average cost of installing solar panels is $3.05 per watt,
according to solar comparison-shopping marketplace Energy Sage.
Solar panel security
• Electrical surges are not uncommon for grid-tied homes, and most
homes are already equipped to prevent damage from surges.
• When installed properly, solar panels will not cause fires.
Environmental implications of using solar
energy
• The sun provides a tremendous resource for generating clean and
sustainable electricity without toxic pollution or global warming
emissions.
• The potential environmental impacts associated with solar power
land use and habitat loss, water use, and the use of hazardous
materials in manufacturing can vary greatly depending on the
technology.
 Applications of Solar power energy

Solar pumping
Solar Heating
Solar Lighting
• Solar Green Houses
Wind energy
• . Using the kinetic energy generated by the effects of airflow, it
generates electricity through the wind.
• It is a clean and renewable energy source that reduces greenhouse
gas emissions and protects the environment.
• That converts wind kinetic energy into electric power using a wind
turbine.

Wind turbines
Efficiency of wind turbines
• Laws of physics described by Betz Limit says the maximum theoretical
limit is 59.6%.
• If a turbine trapped 100% of energy wind would stop blowing and the
blades of a turbine cannot turn to produce electricity.
• Energy efficiency does not vary as much as wind capacity factor does
which is dependent to a great extent on location and weather
conditions.
Offshore wind turbines cost
• The lowest price awarded was £39.65 ($50.05) per megawatt-hour
(MWh) — which was awarded for three of the four Remote Island
• Wind projects as well as three of the offshore wind projects — the 1.2
GW Doggerbank Creyke Beck A, the 1.4 GW Sofia Offshore Wind
Farm, and the 12 megawatt (MW) Forth wind offshore wind farm off
the coast of Scotland. Conversely, the highest prices were not much
off the lowest prices, measuring in at £41.611 ($51.72) per MWh for
all projects which were not awarded at the £39.65 mark.
Onshore wind turbines cost
• The analysis undertaken by Vivid Economics shows that growing
onshore wind from 13GW today to 35GW by 2035 would reduce the
cost of electricity by 7%..
Wind turbines security
• Personnel working around such a hazard that often strikes wind
turbines want to know that they are safe when entering a tower.
• Electrical grounding is the foundation for an expected level of safety
and that begins with a properly designed and installed electrical
grounding system.
• A good grounding system plays a critical role guarding against
catastrophic damage to blades, electronics, transformers, nacelles,
and collector systems out to substations.
Environmental implications of using wind
energy
• Modern wind turbines can be very large machines, and they may
visually affect the landscape.
• A small number of wind turbines have also caught fire, and some
have leaked lubricating fluids, but these occurrences are rare.
• Some people do not like the sound that wind turbine blades make as
they turn in the wind.
• Some types of wind turbines and wind projects cause bird and bat
deaths.
Applications of wind energy
factories
electricity and motors
Hydro power
• Conversion of energy from flowing water into electricity.
• Today, modern hydro plants produce electricity using turbines and
generators, where mechanical energy is created when moving water
spins rotors on a turbine.
• Hydro plant facilities can be categorized into three sizes: large (>30
MW), small (100 kW - 30 MW), or micro (<100 kW).

Hydropower
Efficiency of hydro power
• Hydropower is the most efficient way to generate electricity
• Modern hydro turbines can convert as much as 90% of the available
energy into electricity.
Costs of hydro power
Estimate Costs and power output of hydropower

Maximum Power Output Estimated Project Cost £ / KW installed

25 kW £ 169 k £ 6.8 k

50 kW £ 300 k £ 6.0 k

100 kW £ 529 k £ 5.3 k

250 kW £ 963 k £ 3.8 k

500 kW £ 1.6 Mk £ 3.2 k

Hydro power security
High voltage areas like conduction bars, thyristor bridges
• High ambient temperatures in high voltage areas are dangerous and
therefore must be monitored continuously. Fire detectors should be
provided as a safety precaution. The ambient temperature sensor
Omni grad has been designed especially for this purpose, and can
include a temperature transmitter assembled in the head.
Cont;
Drainage pumps
• Failure of the level measurement that controls the drainage pumps can
indicate an increase of the water level and an eventual flooding of the
station.
• Therefore water-level, flood and evacuation alarms are an absolute
necessity.
• It is common to use floats or conductivity level measurements but
these can fail due to high humidity and corrosion.
• Good alternatives are ultrasonic or hydrostatic level devices such as the
Water pilot.
Environmental implications of using
hydropower
• Hydropower does not pollute the water or the air.
• However, hydropower facilities can have large environmental impacts
by changing the environment and affecting land use, homes, and
natural habitats in the dam area.
• Most hydroelectric power plants have a dam and a reservoir. ( can
change fish migration and river flow direction).
• These changes may harm native plants and animals in the river and
on land.
Applications of hydro power system
• The water from the dam is used for Agricultural Irrigation Facility.
• Electricity
Biomass energy
• Biomass is any organic matter wood, crops, seaweed, animal wastes
that can be used as an energy source.
Efficiency of biomass energy
• Used for heat or heat-led combined heat and power (CHP), biomass
energy is approximately 75-80 percent efficient,
• Generation of electricity is only 20-25 percent efficient, and
• Conversion to liquid fuels for transportation applications are even less
efficient overall.
Cost of using biomass energy

• Some of these systems are available in the United States, with

outputs from about 2 kilowatts (kW), and approximately 20,000
British thermal units (Btu) per hour of heat, to several megawatts
(MW). In addition, small-scale (100 to 1,500 kW) steam engine/gen-
sets and steam turbines (100 to 5,000 kW) that are fueled by solid
biomass are currently available in Europe.
Environmental implications of producing
biomass energy
• Biomass emits greenhouse gases and pollutants into the air.
• However, because of the renewable nature of biomass, many consider
it to be a carbon-neutral source of electricity.
• When we burn biomass for heat or electricity, it releases carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere. ( methane)
Applications of Biomass energy
Electricity
Transpiration
Home/ houses
Novel forms of energy generation
• As more and more households are switching to renewable electricity,
and more and more towns, cities, and states are committing to 100%
 renewable energy, the growing demand for cleaner, more sustainable
sources of energy has spurred the creation of some unique forms of
energy generation and management. It is also known as advanced
power generation.
• Advanced Power Generation Systems examines the full range of
advanced multiple output thermodynamic cycles that can enable more
sustainable and efficient power production from traditional methods, as
well as driving the significant gains available from renewable sources.
Cont;
• These advanced cycles can harness the by-products of one power
generation effort, such as electricity production, to simultaneously
create additional energy outputs, such as heat or refrigeration. Gas
turbine-based, and industrial waste heat recovery-based combined,
cogeneration, and trigeneration cycles are considered in depth, along
with Syngas combustion engines, hybrid SOFC/gas turbine engines,
and other thermodynamically efficient and environmentally conscious
generation technologies. The uses of solar power, biomass, hydrogen,
and fuel cells in advanced power generation are considered, within
both hybrid and dedicated systems.
Peer-reviewed of energy generation

• Renewable Energy, seeks to promote and disseminate knowledge on

the various topics and technologies of renewable energy systems and
components.
• The journal aims to serve researchers, engineers, economists,
manufacturers, NGOs, associations and societies to help them keep
abreast of new developments in their specialist fields and to apply
alternative energy solutions to current practices.
• Renewable Energy is an international, multi-disciplinary journal in
renewable energy engineering and research.
Cont;
Renewable Energy covers research in the following areas;
• Biomass Conversion
• Photovoltaic Technology Conversion
• Solar Thermal Applications
• Wind Energy Technology
• Desalination
• Solar and Low Energy Architecture
• Climatology and Meteorology
• Geothermal Technology
Cont;
• Wave, Tide and Ocean Thermal Energies
• Hydro Power
• Hydrogen Production Technology and Fuel Cells
• Socio-economic and Policy Issues
Smart grid
• A smart grid is an electricity network based on digital technology that
is used to supply electricity to consumers via two-way digital
communication.

Smart grid network system

Costs of solar smart grid
• According to the documents, they estimates that $82 billion to $90
billion would need to be spent on transmission technologies (
solid state transformers, security systems, software, etc.), while
another $232 billion to $339 billion would go into distribution
technologies like power storage. “Over 90 percent of the minutes lost
by consumers are attributable to consumer events,” the report states.
• Another $24 billion to $46 billion would get spent at the consumer
level on smart meters, home and building automation, smart EV
chargers and other technologies. 
Security of smart grid network system
• Smart grid security at this point is for electric utilities to carefully
assess smart grid deployments and to perform risk and threat analysis
early in the planning stages. A similar assessment of the system
should be performed for end users who are connected to the smart
grid who could become a potential threat vector into the business (or
home) networks.
• Clear delineation, separation of services, and the establishment of
strong defense-in-depth at the perimeters will help to mitigate the
risk from threats associated with the smart grid.
Cont;
• This could represent a challenge (especially in terms of security
monitoring) for smart grid operators, due to the broad scale of smart
grid deployments, which could contain hundreds of thousands or
even millions of intelligent nodes. It may be necessary then to carve
out smart grid deployments into multiple, smaller and more
manageable security zones.
Environmental implications of smart grid
• Increased asset utilization made possible by smarter energy
management means more efficient power plant operation and fewer
peaking units. Utilities stand to benefit from a higher rate of return
on capital investment and lower costs. The ability to effectively
manage load with existing T&D infrastructure means that utilities no
longer have to build infrastructure for the peak hours of the year. This
could allow utilities to delay additional investments into new
transmission lines and generation facilities.
Thank you