GLOBAL CITIES

BERNAL, XYNTH GWYNETH

CARINO, SYDNEY
DUMANDAN, ROBBIE
GUIAO, SOPHIA
MANIPON, SHME HAZEL
IDENTIFYING RURAL AND URBAN AREAS

RURAL AREA
URBAN AREA
 13.1 CONCEPT OF URBANIZATION

What is Urbanization?
-rural to urban
-increase of people living in cities
-agricultural to industrial
 13.1 CONCEPT OF URBANIZATION

• According to the World Cities Report

(2016), more than half of the world’s
population today resides in urban
areas.
• Cities create wealth, generate
employment and drive human
progress by harnessing the forces of
agglomeration and industrialization.
(Farooq, 2013)
13.1 CONCEPT OF URBANIZATION
• Although only 48 percent of its areas are urbanized, Asia has
by far the highest number of people living in urban areas.

• The current population of Asia is 4,735,285,422 as of

Saturday, November 19, 2022, based on the latest United
Nations estimates
• Large and Mega cities
13.2 INDICATORS OF URBANIZATION

1. Continuing Industrialization
2. Expanded Employment Opportunity
3. Access to Information and Communication
Technology
4. Better Infrastructure facilities
13.2 INDICATORS OF URBANIZATION

1. Continuing Industrialization
13.2 INDICATORS OF URBANIZATION

2. Expanded Employment Opportunity

 13.2 INDICATORS OF URBANIZATION

3. Access to Information and Communication

Technology
13.2 INDICATORS OF URBANIZATION

4. Better Infrastructure facilities

 EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION

1. Problems over population

2. Cost of living
3. Increase in crime rates
4. Problems of pollution
13.3 CITY DWELLERS
Herbert Gans
-Sociologist
-types of people who lives in the city.
-The first three types live in the city by
choice
-The last two have little choice about
where they live.
13.3 CITY DWELLERS

a. Cosmopolites
b. Singles
c. Ethnic Villagers
d. Deprived
e. Trapped
13.3 CITY DWELLERS

a. Cosmopolites
13.3 CITY DWELLERS

b. Singles
13.3 CITY DWELLERS

c. Ethnic Villagers
13.3 CITY DWELLERS

d. Deprived
13.3 CITY DWELLERS

e. Trapped
13.4 DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES
13.4 DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES
• “A good environment and strong social organization are two necessities for the formation of a
successful city. A good environment includes clean water and a favorable climate for growing
crops and agriculture. A strong sense of social organization helps a newly formed city work
together in times of need, and it allows people to develop various functions to assist in the future
development of the city (for example, farmer or merchant). Without these two common features,
as well as advanced agricultural technology, a newly formed city is not likely to succeed.
• Cities may have held other advantages, too. For example, cities reduced transport costs of goods,
people, and ideas by bringing them all together in one spot. By reducing these transaction costs,
cities contributed to worker productivity. Finally, cities likely performed the essential function of
providing protection for people and the valuable things they were beginning to accumulate. Some
theorists hypothesize that people may have come together to form cities as a form of protection
against marauding barbarian armies”. (https://courses.lumenlearning.com)
13.5A THE PROCESS OF URBANIZATION
• Urbanization is the process of a population shift from rural areas to cities. During the last
century, global populations have urbanized rapidly:
• 13% of people lived in urban environments in the year 1900
• 29% of the people lived in urban environments in the year 1950
• One projection suggests that, by 2030, the proportion of people living in cities may reach
60%
• Urbanization tends to correlate positively with industrialization. With the promise of greater
employment opportunities that come from industrialization, people from rural areas will go
to cities in pursuit of greater economic rewards.
13.5A THE PROCESS OF URBANIZATION
• Another term for urbanization is “rural flight.” In modern times, this flight
often occurs in a region following the industrialization of agriculture —
when fewer people are needed to bring the same amount of agricultural
output to market — and related agricultural services and industries are
consolidated. These factors negatively affect the economy of small- and
middle-sized farms and strongly reduce the size of the rural labor market.
Rural flight is exacerbated when the population decline leads to the loss of
rural services (such as business enterprises and schools), which leads to
greater loss of population as people leave to seek those features.
13.5A THE PROCESS OF URBANIZATION

• Some cities have grown so large and have such influence over
a region that the term “city” is no longer adequate to describe
them. The term Metropolis is used instead. This term refers to
a central city surrounded by smaller cities and suburbs.
13.5A THE PROCESS OF URBANIZATION
• Another consequence of urbanization is the convergence of people with diverse cultural
background. Sociologists most often call it multi-culturalism or cultural pluralism, which
pertains to a situation where various ethnic groups converged in a mixed ethnic community
area resulting to the existence of multi cultural traditions, these are called Multi cultural
cities.
• Challenges and Issues in Urbanization
a. Growth of Slums
b. Provision of Adequate Basic Services and Infrastructures
c. Climate Change
d. Increasing Urban Divide Between the Rich and the Poor
13.5B THE GLOBAL CITY
• A global city or world city sometime called Alpha Cities, are a concept
which postulates that globalization can be broken down in terms of strategic
geographic locales that see global processes being created, facilitated and
enacted. The most complex of these entities is the “global city”, whereby the
linkages binding a city have a direct and tangible effect on global affairs
through more than just socio-economic means, with influence in terms of
culture, or politics. The terminology of “global city”, as opposed to megacity,
is thought to have been first coined by Saskia Sassen in reference to London,
New York and Tokyo in her 1991 work, The Global City. (
https://www.cs.mcgill.ca)
13.5B THE GLOBAL CITY
It has been argued that global cities are those sharing the following characteristics: (
https://www.cs.mcgill.ca)
• International, first-name familiarity; whereby a city is recognized without the need for a
political subdivision. For example, although there are numerous cities and other political
entities with the name Paris or variations on it, one would say “Paris”, not “Paris, France”.
• Active influence and participation in international events and world affairs; for example,
New York City is home to the United Nations headquarters complex and consequently
contains a vast majority of the permanent missions to the UN.
• A fairly large population (the center of a metropolitan area with a population of at least one
million, typically several million).
13.5B THE GLOBAL CITY
It has been argued that global cities are those sharing the following characteristics: (
https://www.cs.mcgill.ca)
• A major international airport (for example, London Heathrow Airport) that serves as an
establishment hub for several international airlines.
• An advanced transportation system that includes several freeways and/or a large mass transit
network offering multiple modes of transportation (rapid transit, light rail, regional rail, ferry,
or bus).
• In the West, several international cultures and communities (such as a Chinatown, a Little Italy,
or other immigrant communities). In other parts of the world, cities which attract large foreign
businesses and related expatriate communities; for example, Singapore, Shanghai, Hong Kong,
Tokyo and Moscow.
13.5B THE GLOBAL CITY
It has been argued that global cities are those sharing the following characteristics: (
https://www.cs.mcgill.ca)
• International financial institution, law firms, corporate headquarters (especially
conglomerates), and stock exchanges (for example the London Stock Exchange, the New
York Stock Exchange or the Tokyo Stock Exchange) that have influence over the world
economy.
• An advanced communications infrastructure on which modern trans-national corporation
rely, such as fiber optics, Wi-Fi networks, cellular phone services, and other high-speed lines
of communication.
• World-renowned cultural institutions, such as museums and universities.
13.5B THE GLOBAL CITY
It has been argued that global cities are those sharing the following characteristics: (
https://www.cs.mcgill.ca)
• A lively cultural scene, including film festivals (for example the Toronto International Film
Festival), premieres, a thriving music or theatre scene (for example, West End theatre and
Broadway); an orchestra, an opera company, art galleries, and street performers.
• Several powerful and influential media outlets with an international reach, such as the BBC,
Associated Press, Reuters, The New York Times, The Times, or Agence France-Presse.
• A strong sport community, including major sports facilities, home teams in major league
sports, and the ability and historical experience to host international reporting events such as
the Olympic Games, Football World Cup, or Grand Slam tennis events.
13.5B THE GLOBAL CITY
• To some, London, New York City, Paris, and Tokyo have been traditionally considered the
‘big four’ world cities — not coincidentally, they also serve as symbols of global capitalism.
However, many people have their own personal list, and two lists are likely to differ based
on cultural background, values and experience.
• In certain countries, the rise of suburbia and the ongoing migration of manufacturing jobs to
these countries has led to significant urban decay. Therefore, to boost urban regeneration,
tourism, and revenue, the goal of building a “world-class” city has recently become an
obsession with the governments of some mid-size cities and their constituents.
• The phenomenon of world-city building has also been observed in Buenos Aires, Santiago,
Frankfurt, Montréal, Sydney, Mexico City and Toronto: each of these cities has emerged as
large and influential.
Thank You
For
Listening