Application of Power Electronic Converters in

Electric Vehicles and Transportation

Bahir Dar Institute of Prepared by:

Technology
Fekadu Gebey /BDU1401884
Faculty of Electrical and
Jan 27, 2015 E.c.
Computer Engineering
  Introduction

Power Electronic Converters, Electric Vehicles and Transportation

system

• Applications of Power Electronic Converters

In MEA
Outlines
In Electric Ship

in Electric Vehicle

• Power Electronic Convertor Topologies in Electric Vehicle

Applications

• Conclusion………………………………………………………..
Introduction to Power Electronic Converters, Electric Vehicles and
Transportation system

– One third of green house gas emission is from the waste of transportation
system.

– The transportation system today mainly classified in to three: more electric

aircraft (MEA), electric ship(ES) and electric vehicle(EV)

– The efficiency of conventional internal combustion engine ICE is nearly 20%.

– Key features of EVs is: ease of operation; fewer moving, pollutant-free, capable

of frequently starting and stopping operation, and high starting torque and can

integrate with renewable energy technologies and grid systems

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– The advancements in power electronic convertors PECs, replaces
the use of conventional energy sources and systems in
transportation system (ICE).

– Due to PECs application: MEA, ES and EVs are now the main
means of transportation system.

– Further EVs may be battery EVs(BEVs), Fuel cell EVs (FEVs) or

hybrid (HEVs)

– The main components of vehicle technology:

• fuel cell stack, battery bank or super capacitor

• power electronic convertor, traction motor, train, …

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– Different modes of operation in EVs are : Battery mode, regenerative
braking mode, fuel mode, combined and split mode.

– In this operations of EVs, PECs are used to convert the source used from
AC-DC, DC-DC and DC-AC.

– The conversion process is to gain appropriate voltage level, current rating

and torque to drive the train.

– Besides, frequent start and stop operation and control the energy flow from
the grid to the vehicle and vice versa are also applications of PECs in this
EV.

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 Applications of Power Electronic Converters in MEA

– In MEA, electrical systems replace the conventional hydraulic,

mechanical, and pneumatic systems used.

– In conventional, 115V line to neutral voltage with 400Hz frequency used

– 230/400Vac, 400Hz is adopted now with lighter generator weight.

– A DC bus voltage of 270V DC or a higher voltage of 540V DC is utilized

for motor controllers.

– 28V DC obtain by converting 115/230V, 400 Hz source for 28V DC load

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Applications of Power Electronic Converters in Electric Ship

– Multiple energy resources with independent operation

– Medium voltage AC with solid state transformer in (a) replaced by medium voltage DC in

(b)

Fig. 2. Power system for ES (a) MVAC power system with SSTs (b) MVDC power system with DC-DC converters

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Applications of Power Electronic Converters in Electric Ship

– Ship board contains various on-board electrical and mechanical

elements

Fig. 4. Single-line diagram overview of a typical shipboard DC hybrid EPS

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Applications of Power Electronic Converters in Electric Vehicle

– PECs regulate flow of electrical energy to and from the car /from

external charging station or grid

– In ICE, 12V or 6V DC is used for start up and run the electrical

equipment’s.

– power conversion, motor control and fault tolerant operation are

directly related to the performance of power electronic devices

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 Battery Electric Vehicle BEV

– More feasible when small battery size is needed and 100 to 250km

distance

– In BEVs, ICE is re- placed by an electric motor to propel

– 14 V to 300 V rechargeable batteries is used in BEV according to the

type of vehicle.

– Light-duty, mid-duty, and heavy-duty vehicles need 14 V, 120 V and

150 V DC batteries, respectively

– Two operating modes are observed in BEV (Battery and Regenerative )

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 Battery Electric Vehicle BEV

– Battery mode of operation: DC-DC convertor used

– Regenerative braking mode: the power generated by traction motor transfers to the

battery via rectifier and DC- DC converter.

Fig.5. Battery Electric Vehicle (a) Typical structure of BEV, (b) Control scheme with operating modes of BEV.

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 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle FEV

– oxygen and hydrogen that has been stored together produce energy that
powers the electric motor
– Hydrogen for fuel cell stacks is coupled with oxygen from the air to
produce electricity according to the power needed, and any extra
electricity can be stored in batteries or ultra-capacitors.
– In FCEVs, there are five operating modes.
• In fuel mode:

• Battery mode:
• Combined mode:
• Regenerative mode
• Split mode:

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 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle FEV

– In FCEV, the electric energy is generated from the battery and fuel cell

– Low voltage DC equipment’s like mobile charger and auto starters take power

directly from the battery or fuel cell.

– DC-DC convertor for step up voltage up to 300V

Fig. 6. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (a) Typical structure of FCEV, (b) Operating modes of
FCEV [2].
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 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle FEV

–The traction controller

• is adapted to maintain the required speed of the vehicle by varying the amplitude and

frequency of the inverter output.

–The voltage controller

• is adapted to maintain the maximum and minimum charging levels of the battery and to
increase its life

Fig. 7. Control scheme of FCEV.

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 Hybrid Electric Vehicle HEV

– HEV is the combination of BEV and ICE.

– It may be series or parallel HEV (SHEV /PHEV)

Fuel mode
– Three operating modes in SHEV: Battery mode
Regenerative braking mode

Fig. 8. SHEV (a) Typical structure of SHEV (b) Different operating mode of SHEV.

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 Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle HEV

– both the ICE and the battery act as a source to drive the train of the
vehicle individually.
– It may be series or parallel HEV
Fuel mode
– Three operating modes of PHEV: Battery mode
Regenerative braking mode

Fig. 9. SHEV (a) Typical structure of SHEV (b) Different operating mode of SHEV.

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 Power Electronic Convertor Topologies in Electric Vehicle
Applications

– DC-DC buck/boost, AC-DC or DC-AC topologies in EVs.

– Availability of bidirectional convertor scheme

MOSFET

Fig. 11.Power circuits of (a) a conventional full-bridge bidirectional DC-DC converter in FCEV

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 Power Electronic Convertor Topologies in HEV

IGBT

Fig. 12. The power circuits (a) the conventional HEV based on BDDC and two SSIs; (b)
the proposed HEV based on BDDC and NSI

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 Role of Power electronics in plug in electric Vehicles

(b) Different operating mode of PEV

(a) Typical structure of PEV

Fig. 13. Plug in electric vehicle C. dual battery scheme of plug-in electric vehicles

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 Role of Power electronics in plug in electric Vehicles

– In electric vehicles, the scheme of charging and the integration of

power electronic converters is:
• to convert the existing grid AC source to DC

• further to DC-AC and AC-DC to charge the battery.

Fig. 14. On board charger for electric vehicles with vehicle to grid capability
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 Conclusion

– The advancement of power electronic convertors helps to have pollution and

green house gases reduction while using in transportation system

– Saving of energy lost during braking

– Improvements of cost, efficiency

– Variable voltage rating, torque, and ease of control

Are all the results of the involvement of power electronic convertors in EVs.

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