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Basics of Spread Spectrum
Basics of Spread Spectrum
CDMA with PureVoice CDMA offers the choice of simultaneous The Most solid foundation for
provides wireline clarity voice, async and packet data, FAX, and attracting and retaining subscriber
SMS. is based on CDMA
Timo O. Korhonen, HUT Communication Laboratory *From Samsumg’s narrowband CDMA (CDMAOne®) marketing (2001) 7
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS)
◆ This figure shows BPSK-DS transmitter and receiver
(multiplication can be realized by RF-mixers)
spreading
A2
Pav = ⇒ A = 2 Pav
2
◆ QPSK-modulation can fit twice the data rate of BPSK in the same
bandwidth. Therefore it is more energy efficient than BPSK.
Timo O. Korhonen, HUT Communication Laboratory 11
A QPSK-DS Modulator
q
d (t ) s (t )
S/P 2 P sin ω ot c2 (t )
i
2 P cos ω ot c1 (t )
QPSK-modulator Constellation
diagram
2W / R
⇒ Pe = Q
P / P
N av
◆ Therefore, we note that by increasing system processing gain W/R or
transmitted signal power Pav, error rate can be improved
ML code generator
delay elements (D-flip-flops) -> XOR - circuit
◆ Nowadays BCH and RS are very popular due to large dmin, large number
of codes, and easy generation
autocorrelation
1 + 2
( n + 2) / 2
,for n even (n: number of stages in the shift register)
◆ Walsh and Gold codes are used especially in multiple access systems
◆ Gold codes are used in asynchronous communications because their
crosscorrelation is quite good as formulated above 23
Timo O. Korhonen, HUT Communication Laboratory
Frequency Hopping Transmitter and Receiver
◆ In FH-SS hopping frequencies are determined by the code and the
message (bits) are usually non-coherently FSK-modulated
BW = Wd BW = Ws
BW = Ws BW = Wd
2 L − level modulation
2k frequencies
Hopped frequency
slot determined by
hopping code
2 L levels
2k slots
Ts : symbol duration
← −− →
L=2
Timo O. Korhonen, HUT Communication Laboratory 25
Error Rate in Frequency Hopping
◆ If there are multiple hops/symbol (symbol is distributed to different
frequencies) we have a fast-hopping system. If there is a single
hop/symbol (or below (multiple symbols/frequency)), we have a slow-
hopping system.
◆ For slow-hopping non-coherent FSK-system, binary error rate is
Pe = 1 exp ( −γ b / 2 ) , γ b = Eb / N 0
2
and the respective symbol error rate is (hard-decisions)
Pes = 1 exp ( −γ b Rc / 2 ) , Rc = k / n < 1
2
◆ A fast-hopping FSK system is a diversity-gain system. Assuming non-
coherent, square-law combining of respective output signals from
matched filters yields the binary error rate (with L hops/symbol)
1
Pe exp ( b / 2 ) K i ( b / 2 ) , b L c LRc Eb / N 0
L 1 i
2 L 1 i 0
2 4 4 4 2 4 4 43
1
diversity gain - component
1 L 1i 2 L 1
Ki
i ! r 0
(For further details, see J.G.Proakis: Digital Communications (IV Ed), Section 13.3)
Timo O. Korhonen, HUT Communication Laboratory 26
DS and FH compared
◆ FH is applicable in environments where there exist tone jammers that
can be overcame by avoiding hopping on those frequencies
◆ DS is applicable for multiple access because it allows statistical
multiplexing (resource reallocation) to other users (power control)
◆ FH applies usually non-coherent modulation due to carrier
synchronization difficulties -> modulation method degrades
performance
◆ Both methods were first used in military communications, Lc → 102...107
– FH can be advantageous because the hopping span can be very
large (makes eavesdropping difficult)
– DS can be advantageous because spectral density can be much
smaller than background noise density (transmission is unnoticed)
◆ FH is an avoidance system: does not suffer near-far effect!
◆ By using hybrid systems some benefits can be combined: The system
can have a low probability of interception and negligible near-far effect
at the same time. (Differentially coherent modulation is applicable)
Timo O. Korhonen, HUT Communication Laboratory 27
Multiple access: FDMA, TDMA and CDMA
channel->
polar sig.->