Mathematics

GRADE 7- ADVANCE LESSONS

CHAPTER 1

SETS
 What is a Set?
 A set is a well-defined collection of
distinct objects.
 The objects in a set are called the
elements or members of the set.
 Capital letters A,B,C,… usually
denote sets.
 Lowercase letters a,b,c,… denote
the elements of a set.
 Examples
 The collection of the vowels in the word
“probability”.
 The collection of real numbers that
satisfy the equation x 2  9  0.
 The collection of two-digit positive
integers divisible by 5.
 The collection of great football players in
the National Football League.
 The collection of intelligent members of
the United States Congress.
 The Empty Set
 The set with no elements.
 Also called the null set.
 Denoted by the symbol 
 xample: The set of real numbers x
that satisfy the equation
x2 1  0
 Finite and Infinite Sets
 A finite set is one which can be
counted.
 Example: The set of two-digit
positive integers has 90 elements.
 An infinite set is one which cannot
be counted.
 Example: The set of integer
multiples of the number 5.
 The Cardinality of a Set
 Notation: n(A)

 For finite sets A, n(A) is the number

of elements of A.

 For infinite sets A, write n(A)=∞.

 Specifying a Set
 List the elements explicitly, e.g.,
C   a , o, i 

 List the elements implicitly, e.g.,

K   10, 15, 20, 25,...., 95 

 Use set builder notation, e.g.,

Q   x x  p / q where p and q are integers and q  0 
 The Universal Set
 A set U that includes all of the
elements under consideration in a
particular discussion.
 Depends on the context.
 Examples: The set of Latin letters,
the set of natural numbers, the set
of points on a line.
 The Membership Relation
 Let A be a set and let x be some
object.
 Notation: x  A
 Meaning: x is a member of A, or x is
an element of A, or x belongs to A.
 Negated by writing
 Example: x  .A , .
V   a, e, i, o, u  e  V b  V
 Equality of Sets
 Two sets A and B are equal, denoted
A=B, if they have the same elements.
 Otherwise, A≠B.
 Example: The set A of odd positive
integers is not equal to the set B of prime
numbers.
 Example: The set of odd integers between
4 and 8 is equal to the set of prime
numbers between 4 and 8.
 Subsets
 A is a subset of B if every element of A is
an element of B.
 Notation: A  B
 For each set A, A  A
 For each set B, Ø  B
 A is proper subset of B if A  B and A  B
 Unions
 The union of two sets A and B is

A  B   x x  A or x  B

 The word “or” is inclusive.

 Intersections
 The intersection of A and B is

A  B   x x  A and x  B

 Example: Let A be the set of even

positive integers and B the set of prime
positive integers. Then
A  B  {2}

 Definition: A and B are disjoint if

A B  Ø
 Complements
o If A is a subset of the universal set U,
then the complement of A is the set

Ac   x  U x  A 
c
Note: A  A   ; A  A  U
c
o
 Venn Diagrams

Set A represented as a disk inside a

rectangular region representing U.
 Possible Venn Diagrams
for Two Sets

U U
A B
A B

A B
The Complement of a Set

Ac
A

The shaded region represents the

complement of the set A
The Union of Two Sets

A B
The Intersection of Two Sets

A B
 Sets Formed by Two Sets
o R1  A  B c

 R2  A  B
U
A B

R1
R2
R3  R3  Ac  B

R4  Ac  B c
R4

 Two Basic Counting Rules
If A and B are finite sets,

1. n( A  B)  n( A)  n( B)  n( A  B )

2. n( A  B c )  n( A)  n( A  B)

See the preceding Venn diagram.

 Venn diagrams and Set Operations
Objectives
1. Understand the meaning of a universal
set.
2. Understand the basic ideas of a Venn
diagram.
3. Use Venn diagrams to visualize
relationships between two sets.
4. Find the complement of a set
5. Find the intersection of two sets.
6. Find the union of two sets.
7. Perform operations with sets.
Determine sets involving
8.07/21/23 Section 2.3 set operations 22
 Universal Sets and Venn Diagrams
 The universal set is a general set that
contains all elements under discussion.

 John Venn (1843 – 1923) created Venn

diagrams to show the visual relationship among sets.

 Universal set is represented by a rectangle

 Subsets within the universal set are depicted by

circles, or sometimes ovals or other shapes.

07/21/23 Section 2.3 23

Example 1
Determining Sets From a Venn
Diagram
 Use the Venn diagram to determine
each of the following sets:
a. U
U = { O , ∆ , $, M, 5 }

b. A
A = { O,∆ }

c. The set of elements in U that are

not in A.
{$, M, 5 }

07/21/23 Section 2.3 24

 Representing Two Sets in a Venn
Diagram
Disjoint Sets: Two sets that have Equal Sets: If A = B
then AB
no elements in common. and B  A.

Proper Subsets: All elements of Sets with Some Common

Elements
set A are elements of set B. Some means “at least one”.
The
representing the sets
must overlap.

07/21/23 Section 2.3 25

Example 2
Determining sets from a Venn Diagram
 Use the Venn Diagram
to determine:
a. U
b. B
c. The set of elements in
A but not B Solutions:
d. The set of elements in a. U = { a, b, c, d, e, f,
U that are not in B g}
b. B = {d, e }
e. The set of elements in
both A and B. c. {a, b, c }

d. {a, b, c, f, g }

e. {d}
07/21/23 Section 2.3 26
 The Complement of a Set
 The complement of set A,
symbolized by A’ is the set of
all elements in the universal
set that are not in A. This
idea can be expressed in set-
builder notation as follows:
A’ = {x | x  U and x  A}

 The shaded region represents

the complement of set A. This
region lies outside the circle.

07/21/23 Section 2.3 27

 Example 3
Finding a Set’s Complement
 Let U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 8,
9} and A = {1, 3, 4, 7 }. Find
A’.
 Solution:

Set A’ contains all the elements

of set U that are not in set A.
Because set A contains the
elements 1,3,4,and 7, these
elements cannot be members of
set A’:
A’ = {2, 5, 6, 8, 9}

07/21/23 Section 2.3 28

The Intersection and Union of Sets
 The intersection of sets A and B, written A∩B,
is the set of elements common to both set A and
set B. This definition can be expressed in set-
builder notation as follows:
A∩B = { x | x A and xB}
 The union of sets A and B, written AUB is the
set of elements are in A or B or in both sets. This
definition can be expressed in set-builder
notation as follows:
AUB = { x | x A or xB}
 For any set A:
 A∩Ø = Ø
 AUØ = A

07/21/23 Section 2.3 29

 Example 4
Finding the Intersection of Two
Sets
 Find each of the following intersections:

a. {7, 8, 9, 10, 11} ∩ {6, 8, 10, 12}

{8, 10}

a. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} ∩ {2, 4, 6, 8}
Ø

a. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} ∩ Ø
Ø

07/21/23 Section 2.3 30

 Example 5
Finding the Union of Sets
 Find each of the following
unions:
a. {6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
a. {7, 8, 9, 10, 11} U {6, 8, 10, 12}
12}
b. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
b. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} U {2, 4, 6, 8} 8, 9}

c. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} U Ø c. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

07/21/23 Section 2.3 31

Example 6
Performing Set Operations
 Always perform any operations inside parenthesis
first!
Given:
U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = { 1, 3, 7, 9 }
B = { 3, 7, 8, 10 }
 Find

a.(A U B)’ b.A’ ∩ B’

 Solution:  Solution

A U B = {1, 3, 7, 8, 9, A’ = {2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10}

10} B’ = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9}
(A U B)’ = {2, 4, 5, 6} A’ ∩ B’ = {2, 4, 5, 6 }

07/21/23 Section 2.3 32

 Example 7
Determining Sets from a Venn Diagram

Set to Description of Set Regions in

Determine Venn Diagram
a. A  B set of elements in A or B or Both I,II,III
b. (A  B)’ set of elements in U that are not in A  B IV
c. A  B set of elements in both A and B II
d. (A  B)’ set of elements in U that are not in A  B I, III, IV
e. A’  B set of elements that are not in A and are in B III
f. A  B’ set of elements that are in A or not in B or
both I,II, IV

07/21/23 Section 2.3 33

 Sets and Precise Use of Everyday
English
 Set operations and Venn diagrams
provide precise ways of organizing,
classifying, and describing the vast
array of sets and subsets we encounter
every day.

 Or refers to the union of sets

 And refers to the intersection of sets

07/21/23 Section 2.3 34
Example 8
The Cardinal Number of the Union of Two Finite
Sets

 Some of the results of the campus blood drive

survey indicated that 490 students were willing
to donate blood, 340 students were willing to
help serve a free breakfast to blood donors, and
120 students were willing to do both.

How many students were willing to donate blood

or serve breakfast?

07/21/23 Section 2.3 35

 Example 8 continued

07/21/23 Section 2.3 36

Summary Natural numbers
Number
(ℕ) &
Systems
Natural Integers (N)
Numbers (ℤ)
Rational Numbers (ℚ)
Interesting Rational Numbers
Literacy Considerations Word Bank

• Natural number
• Integer
• Rational number
• Ratio
• Whole Number
• Recurring/Repeating decimal
• Terminating decimal
• Subset
Venn Diagram & Number Line ℕ, ℤ and ℚ.

Natural
ℕ
Venn Diagram & Number Line ℕ, ℤ and ℚ.

Integers
ℤ
ℤ\ℕ
Venn Diagram & Number Line ℕ, ℤ and ℚ.

Rational
ℚ
ℚ\ℤ
Rational
ℚ
Rational
ℚ
Rational
ℚ
Rational
ℚ
Rational
ℚ
Rational
ℚ
 2
Rational
ℚ
 Learning
NumberOutcomes
Systems

Extend knowledge
Curriculu of number systems
from first year to include:
Within m Future
Strands
•Irrational numbers
•Surds Across
Subjects
•Real number Real
system
Past Strand
World s
Junior Certificate-All Levels
Leaving Certificate- Ordinary & Higher Level
Student Activity 1 Calculator Activity
Student Activity 1 Calculator Activity

Rational
0.3
Terminating
Or
Recurring

Irrational
1.414213562....
Decimal
2.828427125
2.82842712474619009
expansion
…. 1.7099759 that can go
1.709975947
1.70997594667669681…
on forever
.…. 47 without
3.14159265358979323
3.141592654….
…. recurring
-
0.41421356237497912.
0.4142135624
 Irrational Numbers

So some numbers cannot be written as a ratio

of two integers…….
 What is a Surd?

A Surd is an irrational
number containing a root
term.
 1.414213562

2.828427125

3.14159265
-0.4142135624
4
 Best known Irrational Numbers

Pythagoras Hippassu
s
Irrational Numbers Familiar
irrationals

Rational
ℚ

Are these the only irrational numbers

based on these numbers?
Rational
ℚ
Rational
ℚ
Rational
ℚ
 Learning Outcomes

Extend knowledge of number systems

from first year to include:

•Irrational numbers
•Surds
•Real number system
 Real Number System (ℝ)

The set of Rational and Irrational

numbers together make up the Real
number system (ℝ).
Real Number System (ℝ)

Real
ℝ Rational
ℚ
Irrational Numbers
ℝ\ℚ
 Student Activity
Classify all the following numbers as natural, integer,
rational, irrational or real using the table below. List
all that apply.

   
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
  
 
Now place these numbers as accurately as possible on the number line
below.
What would help us here?
Now place them as accurately as possible on the number line below.

-10 -7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 10

ℚ ℤ
ℕ
ℕ
 ℤ ℕ
-3 5
0

-9.6403915…
Session 2 Investigating Surds
Pythagoras Hippassus
 Investigating Surds

Prior Knowledge

•Number Systems
(ℕ, ℤ ,ℚ, ℝ\ℚ & ℝ).
•Trigonometry
•Geometry/Theorems
•Co-ordinate Geometry
•Algebra
Investigating Surds

Plot A (0,0), B (1,1) &

C (1,0) and join them.

Write and Wipe

Desk Mats
Taking a
Length closer look
Formula at surds graphically
(Distance)
Taking a closer
Pythagoras’ look at surds graphically
Theorem
Investigating Surds

1. Plot D (2,2) and E (2,0).

2. Join (1,1) to (2,2) and join
(2,2) to (2,0).

Write and Wipe

Desk Mats
Taking a closer
Pythagoras’ look at surds graphically
Theorem

2
(1) Length Formula (Distance)
(2) Pythagoras’ Theorem

D
(2) Pythagoras’ Theorem

1
(3) Congruent Triangles

SAS
1
Two sides
1 and the
1 included
angle
1
(4) Similar Triangles

45°

1
45°

45° 1
1
45°

1
(5) Trigonometry

1
45°

1
Multiplication of surds

Graphically

Algebraically
Division of Surds

Graphically
=2

Algebraically
Student Activity-White Board
 Q1,2 &3

3
a

b
 Graphically
√2

√2
3
√2 Algebraically

3
Graphically

=3

Algebraically

= 3
Graphically

or

Algebraically
What other surds could we illustrate if we extended this diagram ?

4
3
2
1
1
2 34
What other surds could we illustrate if we extended this diagram ?

√2 =1√2
√8 =2√2
√18 =3√2
√32 =4√2
√50 = 5√2

√72 = 6√2
5 √98 = 7√2
√128 = 8√2
√162 = 9√2
√200 =10√2
5
 Division of Surds
Graphically

Algebraically
 3
2

2 3
Pythagoras
Theorem
 b

a c

2
√3 11
 2

4
Graphically Algebraically
 3

√45
6
Graphically Algebraically
 Division of Surds
Graphically

=3

Algebraically.

= 3
 1 The Spiral of
1
1 Theodorus
1

1 1

1
1

1
1
1

1 1
1 1
1 1
An Appreciation for students
 Spiral Staircase Problem
Each step in a science museum's spiral staircase is an
isosceles right triangle whose leg matches the
hypotenuse of the previous step, as shown in the
overhead view of the staircase. If the first step has an
area of 0.5 square feet, what is the area of the eleventh
step?
 Solution

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

2

2 2

1
Area= 1sq.foot Area= 2sq.feet Area
(11th Step)
512sq.feet
 Solution
512 square feet. Using the area of a triangle formula, the first step's
legs are each 1 foot long. Use the Pythagorean theorem to determine
the hypotenuse of each step, which in turn is the leg of the next step.
Successive Pythagorean calculations show that the legs double in
length every second step: step 3 has 2-foot legs, step 5 has 4-foot
legs, step 7 has 8-foot legs, and so on. Thus, step 11 has 32-foot legs,
making a triangle with area 0.5(32)² = 512 sq. ft. Alternatively,
students might recognize that each step can be cut in half to make
two copies of the previous step. Hence, the area double with each
new step, giving an area of 512 square feet by the eleventh step.