TRAFFIC

MANAGEMENT & ACCIDENT

INVESTIGATIO
N

By: KC SHERLOCK HOLMES

#pwah!
 TRANSPORTATION
– is the movement or conveying of
persons and goods from one location
to another.

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 A. MANPOWER

- Early man, had no domesticated animals,

carried his own burdens. More so today,
manpower is important in transportation in
many ways.

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 MANPOWER

1. Carrying Pole - In china and other parts of the

far east, the carrying pole, balanced on one shoulder
is a popular carrying device. On islands of the
pacific, the ends of the pole are supported by two
men, with goods suspended from the pole in
between.

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 MANPOWER

1. Carrying Pole -

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 MANPOWER

2. Back load and tumpline – In many parts of the

world, goods are carried on the back. In subtemala,
pots are carried on a wooden framework supported
by a tumpline across the forehead. In the andes, the
load is held on the back by a strap passing over the
chest.

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 MANPOWER

2. Back load and tumpline –

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 MANPOWER

3. sledge on rollers – the moving of

heavy burdens was to place them on
sledge which rested on a series of
rollers.

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 MANPOWER

3. sledge on rollers –

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 MANPOWER

4. sledge on runners – a simple sledge,

probably man-drawn, was in use at the end
of the old stone age in northern Europe , as
evidenced by fragments of wooden runners
which survived.

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 MANPOWER

4. sledge on runners –

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 MANPOWER

5. travois – the travois, as the pole

arrangement called, serves as a
platform on which the burdens are
placed.

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 MANPOWER

5. travois –

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 B. ANIMAL POWER

The domestication of animals greatly increased the potential

power available for transportation. Pack animals were
introduced as conveyances mainly to save labor. A man can tend
several pack animals moving together, each of which (except
dogs) can carry more than he usually can. Little advantage in
speed in gained unless part of the animals carrying capacity is
sacrificed.

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 ANIMAL POWER

1. OX – cattle, which were first domesticated in

Mesopotamia, were used as draft animals to draw
war chariots. Oxen are still used as draft animals in
many regions of the world. In some parts of Africa,
they are used as pack animals and for riding.

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 ANIMAL POWER

1. OX –

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 ANIMAL POWER

2. Reindeer – these were first domesticated in

Siberia in the beginning of the Christian era. In the
altai mountains, they were ridden with saddles.
Elsewhere, they draw sledges somewhat like the
dog sledges of the far north.

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 ANIMAL POWER

2. Reindeer –

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 ANIMAL POWER

3. Dog – the first animal domesticated, is too slight to

carry heavy loads. The plain Indians sometimes pack
light loads on dogs backs, and piled goods and on a
travois which the dogs dragged. In the far north, the dogs
team drawing sledges are the chief means of
transportation; and in parts of Europe, the dogs are used
to draw small carts.

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 ANIMAL POWER

4. donkey – the donkey or ass, first domesticated in the middle

east. Early dogs came to use as a back animal before the
domestication of the camel. Donkey caravans carry goods
between the cities of southeast Asia and Egypt and the donkey is
still the chief beast of burden among the farmers of the near east,
the Mediterranean area and Mexico, where it was introduced
from Spain.

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 ANIMAL POWER

4. donkey –

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 ANIMAL POWER

5. Llama – in pre-Colombian America, the Llama was

the only new world animal other than the dog capable of
domestication for use in transport. In the high Andes, the
Llama was used as a pack animal by the Incas and their
Spanish conquerors, as its by modern Andean people.

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 ANIMAL POWER

5. Llama –

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 ANIMAL POWER

6. Elephant – the Carthaginians used African elephant I their

war against Rome but in recent centuries, these animals have not
been tamed. In India, elephants were formerly used in war and
are still employed to some extent for ceremonial processions and
big game hunting. In Burma and Thailand, these huge animals
are widely used in the lumber industry.

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 ANIMAL POWER

7. horse – around 2000 BC, horse drawn chariots appeared in

southwest Asia and 1000 years later, the Persians arrived with
cavalry which gave mobility and power to the German tribes
who invaded Europe and to the central Asian conqueror Genghis
Khan. In Europe, horses were used to draw wheeled vehicles and
for riding for sometime until the introduction of mechanized
vehicles.

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 ANIMAL POWER

8. camel – there are 2 kinds of camel, the two humped Bactrian

camel of central Asia and the one humped dromedary of Arabia
have long been used for transport. The Bactrian camel has
plodded along the caravan routes between China and Iran for at
least 2000 years. It is also used to draw carts. The dromedary,
which has less endurance but it is fleeter and special fast-paced
riding camel, is bred by the Arab nomads.

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 ANIMAL POWER

9. yak – a long-haired type of cattle that lives at

high altitudes on the Tibetan plateau and in the
neighboring mountain regions is ridden and used as
a pack animal at heights were horses and ordinary
animal could not survive.

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 ANIMAL POWER

9. yak –

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 C. WIND POWER

Man realized the energy from the mass of

moving air and learned to utilized such
powers to lift rather than to drag. This
paved way to the invention of air lifted
transportation vessels.

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 WIND POWER

1. Ancient Chinese Kite – kites have been flown as a popular

past time in the far east since the beginning of the history. Based
on a Korean tradition, the kite was first used for transport when a
Korean general employed one in bridge building. By means of a
kite, a cord was conveyed across the river where heavier ropes
were fastened and finally the bridge cable. In the late 10 th
century, several European armies experimented with kites in
transporting men.

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 WIND POWER

1. Ancient Chinese Kite –

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 WIND POWER

2. Da Vinci's ornithoper – the great renaissance artist,

scientist and engineer, Leonardo da vinci, made study of
the flight of the birds and his notebooks sketched a
number of ornithoper (a.k.a orthoper) which derives its
principal support and propelling from the flapping wings
like those of a bird. It was not until the 19th century that
rigid wings were envisaged.

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 WIND POWER

2. Da Vinci's ornithoper –

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 WIND POWER
3. Montgolfier balloon – the Montgolfier brothers of France joseph
Michel and Jacques Enteinne have successfully released several balloons
when they proposed to use two condemned prisoners for the first ascent
with passengers. Pilatre de Rozier a natural historian protested this and
claimed the honor for himself. In 1783, he and the marquis d’ arlanoes
became the first men to make a free balloon ascent. The balloon
constructed of linen and inflated with hot air travelled 9000 yards and
remained in the air for 20 minutes.

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 WIND POWER

3. Montgolfier balloon –

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 WIND POWER

4. Siemens’ rocket plane – Ernst Werner Von Siemens

who later achieved fame as an electric industrialist, in
1987 designed rocket plane which was to be propelled by
the explosive force of gunpowder. Similarly, Siemens’
rocket plane was never carried beyond the design stage.

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 WIND POWER

4. Siemens’ rocket plane –

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 WIND POWER

5. Lilienthal glider – Otto Lilienthal, a German inventor

who also made a study of the flight of birds and
experimented with ornithopters, going so far as to build a
model ornithopter. His chief work was with gliders.
However, in 1891, he made the first of a number of a
glider flights which were to exert a profound influence on
the development of aviation.

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 WIND POWER

5. Lilienthal glider –

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 WIND POWER

6. Santos Dumont’s Airship – one of the pioneers of lighter-

than-air craft was alberto santos Dumont, a Brazilian who
experimented with the steam-powered balloons in paris. He
made his first balloon ascent in 1897 and in 1898 completed the
construction of his first airship. He, then built several other
airships and in 1901, made a 30 minute round trip flight between
st. louis and the Eiffel tower.

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 WIND POWER

6. Santos Dumont’s Airship –

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 WIND POWER
7. Wright brothers’ flying machine – inspired by Lilienthal’s glider
experiments, orville and Wilbur wright began studying the problems of
heavier-than-air flight. They built biplane kite then over 200 different
wing types which they tested in a wind tunnel of their own invention,
before they conducted their first man carrying powered machine. This
flew successfully at kitty hawk, north Carolina on December 17, 1903,
airplanes became sufficiently accepted to justify beginning commercial
manufacture of the machine.

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 WIND POWER
7. Wright brothers’ flying machine –

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 WIND POWER
7. Wright brothers’ flying machine –
The First Successful Airplane - 1903 Marks the Year that the Wright Brothers Invented the
First Successful Airplane
Buoyant over the success of their 1902 glider, the Wright brothers were no longer content to
merely add to the growing body of aeronautical knowledge; they were going to invent the
airplane. Still, they recognized that much hard work lay ahead, especially the creation of a
propulsion system. During the spring and summer of 1903, they were consumed with leaping
that final hurdle into history.

On December 17, 1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright made four brief flights at Kitty Hawk with
their first powered aircraft. The Wright brothers had invented the first successful airplane.

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 WIND POWER
8. Lindbergh’s spirit of st. louis – following the initial flight of the
wright brothers’ airplane, the development of aviation was rapid. The first
airmail was delivered in 1911 and world war 1 gave an impetus to plane
design and the training pilots. During the 1920’s, many new records were
set. A feat which particularly captured popular imagination was the first
solo flight from new york to paris, made by capt. Charles A. Lindbergh on
may 1927 in a plane especially built for the flight, the spirit of st. louis.

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 WIND POWER
8. Lindbergh’s spirit of st. louis –

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ROADS AND VEHICLE HISTORY

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 A. WHEEL
- Was invented probably in Western Asia;
Earliest types of wheeled carts:
1. Solid wheels on fixed axle – its solid wheels, which were made up of a
single piece of wood, rotated on single axle.
2. Sumerian chariot with flank wheels – this chariot, of about 2400 BC
had solid wheels built up of three pieces, and so was more durable than
the one piece wheel.

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 A. WHEEL
- Was invented probably in Western Asia;
Earliest types of wheeled carts:
3. Greek quadrica with spoked wheels – drawn by 4 horses, was a light and elegant
vehicle for gentlemen about 250 BC it had spoked wheels and axles of irons or bronze,
handles for aid in mounting, and seat formed by a board placed across the handles.
4. Roman carpentum – a closed, two-wheeled cart, was the favored vehicle when
roman women journeyed outside the city.
5. Italian cocchio 1288 – a travelling wagon in which the passengers were protected
by a covering of leather or cloth fixed over a wooden framework.

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 B. WHEELED VEHICLES

- Could not use the narrow paths and

trails used by pack animal, and early
roads were soon built.

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 C. THE ROMANS

- Were the major road builders in the ancient

world. The romans road network reached a
total of about 50,000 miles (80,000 kms), with
feeder roads branching out from the main
highways.

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 D. JOHN L. MACADAM

- Did not abandon theory of feeder

road building and perfected the
macadamized road in England about
1815.

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 E. AFTER THE FALL OF ROMANS

- In the 15 century, land haulage

th

generally declined because highways

suffered from inadequate
maintenance.

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 F. SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT
OF ROAD VEHICLE
- Began with the adaptation of
COACH SPRING about 1650.

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 G. IN THE MID-18TH CENTURY
ENGLISH ROADS
- Were so bad that the coaches could
average only about 4 mph (6.4 km/h)
and the mail was usually carried by
boys on horses.

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 H. JOHN PALMER

- Introduced his first fast mail

coach in march of 1785 and by
1800, the English coach system
was in full swing.
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 I. THE INVENTION OF BICYCLE

- In the early 19th century served as a nursery of

automobile builders. One of the modern ancestors
of the modern bicycle was the hobby or dan horse.
The wheels were made of wood, with the tires of
iron, and the riders pushed themselves along with
their feet on the ground.

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 I. THE INVENTION OF BICYCLE

1. The German Baron KARL VON DRAIS in 1817

introduced a steerable wheel, creating the “draisienne,”
or “dandy horse”.
2. In 1838, KIRK PATRICK MACMILLAN, a Scottish
blacksmith, made the first machine with pedals, which
were attached to and drove the rear wheel by means of
cranks.

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 J. PNEUMATIC TIRES

- By a scot, JOHN BOYD DUNLOP

appeared in late 19 century (about
th

1888).

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 K. MOTOR VEHICLE
- The first mode of transportation to challenge the railroads.
1. Frenchman ETIENNE LENOIR made possible the introduction of
motorized carriages by his invention in the 1860’s and 70’s, of the
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE.
2. NICOLAUS OTTO and GOTTLIEB DAIMLER pioneered the
manufacture of gas engines, and later Daimler became a successful
automobile manufacturer.

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 K. MOTOR VEHICLE
3. RUDOLF DIESEL, a German engineer, developed an internal combustion engine which is
similar with the gasoline engine but requires no electrical ignition system or carburetor and
uses other form of liquid fuel, the diesel fuel.
4. The automobile found its greatest popularity in the US, where the first HORSELESS
CARRIAGE appeared in the 1890’s.
5. In 1908, HENRY FORD introduced the MODEL T, which was proved so popular that by
1914, FORD had adopted MASS PRODUCTION methods to meet the demand.
6. In 1956, FELIX WANKEL, a German mathematician, developed an advanced-type of
engine, named after him, that operates very differently from gas and diesel engines. It is
started by a moving crankshaft.

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 MAJOR CAUSES OF TRAFFIC
CONGESTION
1. PHYSICAL INADEQUACY – This is characterized by lack of roads, narrow bridges,
railroad crossings, and lack of traffic facilities.
2. POOR CONTROL MEASURES – This is characterized by ineffective mechanical
control devices, inefficient traffic officers, and poor implementation of traffic laws, rules
and regulations.
3. HUMAN ERRORS – Many traffic congestion are caused by slow drivers or poor driving
habits, pedestrian mistakes, officers errors, poor planning, poor legislation; and traffic
accidents which are mostly attributed to human errors.
4. POOR MAINTENANCE – Often times motor vehicles are stalled in traffic ways because
of unrepaired diggings, cracks on road pavement or unfinished road pavement concreting.

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 THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
1. Traffic Engineering – science of measuring traffic and travel; the study of the
basic laws relative to the traffic law and generation; the application of this
knowledge to the professional practice of planning, deciding, and operating traffic
system to achieve safe and efficient transportation of persons and goods.
2. Traffic Education – process of giving training and practice in the actual
application of traffic safety knowledge.
3. Traffic Enforcement – deals mostly on the implementation and enforcement of
traffic laws and rules and regulations.

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 FIVE (5) ESSENTIAL STEPS IN THE
ENFORCEMENT PROCESS

• Detection (of violation)

• Apprehension
• Prosecution
• Adjudication
• Penalization
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 KINDS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS

a) Traffic Arrest – takes place when a person was taken into

custody for the purpose of holding or detaining him to answer a
charge of traffic law violation before a court.
b) Issuing Temporary Operator’s Permit or Traffic Violation
Receipt – is done when the violation of a person charged
contemplates a trial adjudication or disposition to determine his
guilt.
c) Traffic Warning – is done when the violation does not
contemplate an assessment by the traffic court.
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 THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
4. Traffic Ecology or Traffic Environment – It includes the study of
potentially disastrous population explosion, changes in urban environment
due to the scale and density of new urban concentration and new activities
carried out, air pollution, water pollution and crowding, especially
transport congestion which result therein.
5. Traffic Economy – It deals with the benefits and adverse effects of
traffic to our economy.

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 REGISTRATION OF MOTOR
VEHICLES
RA 4136, mandates that all motor vehicles
shall be registered by its owner before the
designated district offices of the land
transportation office.

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 A. CLASSIFICATION OF REGISTERED MOTOR
VEHICLES
1. PRIVATE – (not for hire) these are motor vehicles used for the
personal use of their owners.
2. PUBLIC UTILITY VEHICLES - (a.k.a for hire) these are registered
primarily for the conveyance of passengers and other commercial
goods, passenger jeepneys, taxi cabs, etc.
3. GOVERNMENT – These are motor vehicles owned by government
offices and are used for official purposes only.
4. DIPLOMAT – these are issued to foreign diplomats and consuls
assigned in the Philippines.

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 B. PLATE NUMBERS
1. Green with white background – issued to private or not for hire
motor vehicles (MVs).
2. Black with yellow background – issued to PUVs.
3. Red (maroon) with white background – issued to government owned
MVs.
4. Blue with white background – assigned for foreign diplomats,
consuls and other foreign dignitaries.
5. Commemorative plate – these special plate numbers are issued for
specific purposes such as fund-raising for government projects and
programs.
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 C. SCHEDULE OF REGISTRATION
Last digit of plate number Middle digit of plate number Weekly deadline (working days
of the month only)
1- jan 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 – feb 2
3 – mar 3 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
4 – apr 4 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
5 – may 5
6 – june 6
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
7 – jul 7 29 30 31
8 – aug 8
9 – sept 9
0 - oct 0

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 C. SCHEDULE OF REGISTRATION

NOTE: vehicles may be registered one

month in advance of weekly deadline. For
motorcycles, use the 3 digit.
rd

Example: plate number – TNG 984

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 D. LETTER PREFIXES ON PLATE
NUMBERS
1. Place of initial registration of the motor vehicle;
2. Year of initial registration and the possible year model of the registered
motor vehicle could be determined from the order of the letter prefixes,
the higher the letters the later the year of registration and year model of
the motor vehicle.
Example: vehicle 1. PLT 255 vehicle 2. TNU 636

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 E. SPECIAL PLATE NUMBERS FOR
GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
Protocol Official Numbers:
In case you don’t know, the number 8 is a
congressional protocol plate for legislators. It was
ordered by Former President Gloria Macapagal
Arroyo under the EXECUTIVE ORDER No. 400
that was issued in January 17. Here is a complete
list of these numbers:
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 E. SPECIAL PLATE NUMBERS FOR
GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
Protocol Official Numbers:
President of the Republic of the Philippines and/or PANGULO – 1
Vice President of the Republic of the Philippines – 2
Senate President – 3
Speaker of the House Representatives – 4
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court – 5
Cabinet Secretary – 6
Senator – 7
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 E. SPECIAL PLATE NUMBERS FOR
GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
Protocol Official Numbers:
Congressman – 8
Associate Justices of the Supreme Court – 9
Presiding Justice and other Justices of the Court of Appeals – 10
Chairman of the Commission on Elections – 11
Cabinet Undersecretary – 12
Solicitor General – 13
Chief of Staff, AFP/Chief, PNP – 14
RTC Judges – 16
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DRIVER’S LICENSE

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 DRIVER’S LICENSE

A document issued to a qualified driver who

possesses the statutory qualification as provided
therefore. It is also a public document which has the
legal presumption of genuineness. (CCC insurance
corp. vs. court of appeals, 31 SCRA 264)

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 A. DUTY TO PROCURE LICENSE

SEC. 19 of RA 4136 – states that no

person shall operate any motor vehicle
without first procuring a license to
drive for the current year.

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 B. CONFISCATION OF DRIVER’S
LICENSE
SEC. 29 of RA. 4136 – mandates that a
driver’s license may be confiscated for
violations of RA 4136, the rules and
regulations issued by the commissioner and of
local traffic rules and regulations.

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 C. TYPES OF LICENSES,
PROCEDURES AND
REQUIREMENTS
1. International driver’s
license – section 21, RA 4136
– operates within 90 days

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 C. TYPES OF LICENSES,
PROCEDURES AND
REQUIREMENTS
2. Military driver’s license – enlisted personnel of the AFP
“FOR GOVERNMENT VEHICLES ONLY” (plainly marked
or stamped in red inks across the face thereof.

SEC. 20, RA 4136

“A military driver’s license does not authorize the holder to
operate a privately-owned motor vehicle”

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 C. TYPES OF LICENSES,
PROCEDURES AND
REQUIREMENTS
3. Professional driver’s license – this license is
issued to a driver hired or paid for driving or
operating a motor vehicle whether private use or for
hire to the public. Any person driving his own
motor vehicle for hire is a professional driver (sec.
3, e, RA 4136)

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 C. TYPES OF LICENSES,
PROCEDURES AND
REQUIREMENTS
4. Non-professional driver’s license – this
kind of license is issued to owners of owners
of privately-owned motor vehicles or those not
for hire or paid for driving (effect of sec. 3, e,
RA 4136).

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 C. TYPES OF LICENSES,
PROCEDURES AND
REQUIREMENTS
5. student’s permit – this kind of document is
issued to persons who desire to learn how to drive.
A student driver cannot operate a vehicle unless
accompanied by an instructor who may either be a
licensed professional or non-professional driver
(sec. 30 RA 4136)

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 D. DRIVER’S EXAMINATION

1. The written examination –

Non-Professional License – 40 questions
Professional license – 60 questions

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 D. DRIVER’S EXAMINATION

2. ROAD TEST – the actual road test

will be undertaken under the auspices
of a “driving skill rater”

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 E. MANDATORY DRUG TEST

It is mandatory to all driver’s license

applicants except for students driver’s permit
to pass a drug test conducted by duly LTO
accredited drug testing centers.

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 F. RESTRICTION CODE

When the driver is issued a license,

the driver’s restriction must be given
to identify the allowable vehicle to
drive.

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 G. DRIVER’S CONDITION

1. A – wear eye glasses

2. B – drive only with special equipment for upper limbs
3. C – drive only with special equipment for lower limbs
4. D – daylight driving only
5. E – accompanied by a person with normal hearing

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 GENERAL RULES OF ROAD USE
AND CONDUCT:
A. Speed limit and other rules on speed –
1. Maximum allowable speeds
AREA to observe Passenger cars and motorcycles Motor trucks and buses

a. Open country roads 80 km 50 km

b. Through streets or boulevards 40 km 30 km

c. City or municipal streets 30 km 30 km

d. Crowded streets, blind corners, 20 km 20 km

intersections and schools

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 GENERAL RULES OF ROAD USE
AND CONDUCT:
2. Exception to the speed limit –
a. Physician
b. Ambulance
c. Any driver/emergency rescue
d. AFP
e. Driver/passenger in pursuit of criminal
f. Law enforcer
g. BFP
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 GENERAL RULES OF ROAD USE
AND CONDUCT:

3. Uniform speed limit – provided

by RA 4136

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 COLOR OF THE TRAFFIC LIGHTS
IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER

Red, yellow, Green

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 B. LATERAL PLACEMENT

- Means the proper positioning of the

motor vehicle while traversing on a traffic
way or while on parked – shall pass to the
right!!!

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 C. OVERTAKING AND PASSING

Pass to the LEFT !!!

1. EXCEPTION: (SEC. 39, RA 4136)
2. DRIVER TO GIVE WAY TO OVERTAKING
VEHICLE (SEC. 40, RA 4136)
3. RESTRICTIONS ON OVERTAKING AND
PASSING (SEC. 41, RA 4136)
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 D. RIGHT OF WAY

1. RULES ON RIGHT OF WAY –

(sections 42-44 of RA 4136)
figure 1. = intersection from the
right
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 D. RIGHT OF WAY

1. RULES ON RIGHT OF
WAY – (sections 42-44 of RA
4136) figure 2. = already
entered
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 D. RIGHT OF WAY

1. RULES ON RIGHT OF
WAY – (sections 42-44 of RA
4136) figure 3. = pedestrian

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 D. RIGHT OF WAY

1. RULES ON RIGHT OF WAY –

(sections 42-44 of RA 4136)
figure 4. = main highway vs. thru
highway
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 D. RIGHT OF WAY

1. RULES ON RIGHT OF
WAY – (sections 42-44 of RA
4136) figure 5. = private
driveway
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 SPECIFIC MEANING OF TRAFFIC LIGHTS

1. Steady Red (STOP)

2. Steady Green (GO)
3. Steady Green Arrow (GO)
4. Steady Yellow (PREPARE TO STOP)
5. Flashing Red (STOP, PROCEED WHEN CLEAR)
6. Flashing Yellow (YIELD SIGN)
7. Steady Green and Steady Left/Right Arrow
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 CLASSIFICATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL LIGHTS

1. Traffic Control Signals – These are signal lights designed primarily to control and
regulate traffic flows.
2. Special Pedestrian Signals – These signal lights provides regulation for pedestrians
like the “Walk” and “Do Not Walk” signal lights.
3. Train Approach and Gates Signals – These are usually installed on road-rail
intersections designed to inform motorists of any approaching train on the intersection.
4. Other Special Traffic Signals – These are installed on traffic ways where special
regulations are emphasized like “Yield to Vehicles Coming from the Left”, and other
similar regulations.

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 TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS
1. The Fixed-time System – A traffic control signal by which traffic is
alternately commanded to stop and permitted to proceed in accordance
with predetermined time schedule.
2. Progressive System – Signals at successive intersections along the
artery are timed to change from red to green at staggered intervals,
permitting a vehicle that maintains a constant speed to proceed without
interruption under normal circumstances.
3. Computerized Control of Signal Networks –Signals changes are
ordered by the demands of traffic and are directed by computers.

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 PAVEMENT MARKINGS AND MARKERS
 Pavement Markings – These are the lines usually white and yellow or a
combination of yellow and white officially set on the roadway as separation for motor
vehicles travelling in the opposite direction or the same direction in case of two-lane
one-way street, two-lane two-way street or four-lane two-way street.
 Curb Markings for Restrictions – These are markings placed on the curbs or edges
of the traffic for restriction or for parking regulation purposes.
 Object Markings – These are markings placed on objects on the road or beside the
road like humps, rocks or similar hazardous objects on the side of the road.
 Reflectorized Markings – These are markings or gadgets designed to reflect and
become luminous when hit by vehicles’ headlight.

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 TRAFFIC ISLANDS
These are areas within the roadway
constructed in a manner to establish
physical channels through which
vehicular traffic is guided.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF TRAFFIC
ISLANDS
1. Pedestrian traffic island – these are constructed
between the pedestrian sidewalk and the road
pavement to prevent pedestrian from using the
roadway in passing and to prevent motor vehicles
from using the sidewalk for parking and passing
purposes.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF TRAFFIC
ISLANDS
2. Traffic islands sub classified into 3:
a. Division islands – these are constructed primarily to divide
the streams of the motor vehicle.
b. Channelizing island – these are constructed to channelize or
direct the flow of the traffic.
c. Rotary island – these are constructed along intersections or
“rotundas” for purposes of turning around.

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 KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

1. Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident – is any motor vehicle accident

occurring on a traffic way.
2. Motor Vehicle Non-Traffic Accident – is any motor vehicle accident
which occurs entirely in any place other than a traffic way.
3. Non-Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident – is any accident occurring on a
traffic way involving persons using the traffic way or travel or
transportation, but not involving a motor vehicle in motion.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENT ACCORDING
TO SEVERITY

1. Property Damage Accident – is any motor vehicle accident where there is no fatal
or injury to any person but only damage to the motor vehicle or to other property
including injury to animals.
2. Slight – accident causing slight damages to properties.
3. Non-Fatal Injury Accident – any motor vehicle accident that results in injuries
other than fatal to one or more persons.
4. Less Serious – accidents causing less serious injuries to persons.
5. Serious – causing serious injuries to persons. d. Fatal – any motor vehicle
accidents that results in death to one or more persons.

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 CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT

1. Perception of hazard – is seeing, feeling, or hearing and understanding the usual or

unexpected movement or condition that could be taken as sign of the accident about to
happen.
2. Start of evasive action – is the first action taken by a traffic unit to escape from a
collision course or otherwise avoid a hazard.
3. Initial Contact – is a first accidental touching of an object collision course of
otherwise avoid a hazard.
4. Maximum Engagement – is greatest collapse or overlap in a collision the force
between the traffic unit and the object collided with - are greatest at maximum
engagement.

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 CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT

5. Disengagement – is separation of a traffic unit in

motion from an object with which it has collided. Force
between the object ceases at this time.
6. Stopping – is coming to rest. It usually stabilizes the
accident situation.
7. Injury – is receiving bodily harm.

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Other events that may
occur during an accident:

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 A. POINT OF POSSIBLE
PERCEPTION
- The place and time which the hazard
could have been perceived by a
normal person.

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 B. POINT OF NO ESCAPE

– is that place and time after or

beyond which the accident cannot be
prevented by the traffic unit under
consideration.

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 C. PERCEPTION DELAY

- The time from the point of possible

perception to actual perception.

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 D. FINAL POSITION

– is the place and time when objects

involved in an accident finally come
to rest without application of power.

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 HIT-AND-RUN INVESTIGATION

The objectives of the investigation of motor vehicle

accident involving the flight of one of the participants in
are two-fold. First, responsibility for the collision must be
determined and secondly, the identity of the driver of the
vehicle who fled the scene must be established.

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 HIT-AND-RUN INVESTIGATION

What is Hit and Run Case?

Evading responsibility is a term commonly applied to a traffic
accident in which a driver fails to comply with any of the duties
required (Sec. 55 of RA 4136). Further, it states that no driver of
a motor vehicle concerned in a vehicle accident shall leave the
scene of the accident without aiding the victim, except under any
of the following circumstances:

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 HIT-AND-RUN INVESTIGATION

a. If the driver is imminent danger of being seriously

harmed by any person or persons by reason of the
accident.
b. If the driver reports the accident to the nearest officers
of the law.
c. If the driver has to summon a physician or nurse to aid
the victim.
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 HIT-AND-RUN INVESTIGATION

Two (2) Important Considerations:

1. The driver who flees the scene of an accident is not
necessarily the driver responsible for the accident
2. The hit-and-run driver often will report the damage to his own
vehicle as having been the result of another hit-and-run accident
in which some “other mysterious driver” fled without identifying
himself.

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 HIT-AND-RUN INVESTIGATION

Elements of Hit-and-Run:
1. Suspect must be the one driving the vehicle at the time of accident
2. Suspect was involved in an accident resulting in death, personal injury
or damage to property
3. Suspect failed to stop, give aid or information as to his identity to other
person(s) involved
4. Suspect had knowledge of the accident

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 HIT-AND-RUN INVESTIGATION

Steps to be taken by the police as a traffic law enforcer

during traffic accidents:
1. Upon arrival at the scene of accident get the facts from
bystander or complaint: (5Ws and 1H); report the incident
immediately to the Headquarters by radio or by
telephone. If there are injured persons, secure them
immediately.

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 HIT-AND-RUN INVESTIGATION

Steps to be taken by the police as a traffic law enforcer during traffic

accidents:
2. When emergency is under control:
 Preliminary questions to drivers: (a) who was driving which vehicle?
(b) look for signs of nervousness, confusions and intoxication.
 Gather clues for in identifying hit-and-run vehicles
 Question other witnesses

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 HIT-AND-RUN INVESTIGATION

Steps to be taken by the police as a traffic law enforcer during traffic

accidents:
2.  Examine driver’s condition: (a) check license and record data (b)
check registration certificate and record data (c) verify ownership (d)
account step-by-step what happened
 Position and condition of vehicles: (a) lights and light switches (b) gear
position and tires (c) verify ownership (d) account step-by-step what
happened

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 HIT-AND-RUN INVESTIGATION

Steps to be taken by the police as a traffic law enforcer during traffic

accidents:
2.  Form preliminary opinion as to how traffic accident occurred
 Photograph skid marks and location of vehicles, mark skid mark
locations for later measuring
 Record place to which injured persons or damaged vehicles were or
will be taken

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 HIT-AND-RUN INVESTIGATION
Steps to be taken by the police as a traffic law enforcer during traffic
accidents:
3. After getting short-lived evidence
 Make test skid
 Decide whether proof of violation is sufficient for arrest. If so, make arrest
or issue TOP
 Complete examination of vehicles
 Locate key event or point of impact of accident
 Make additional photographs of: (1) vehicle damage (2) view of
obstruction (3) present condition (4) control devices
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 HIT-AND-RUN INVESTIGATION

Steps to be taken by the police as a traffic law enforcer during traffic

accidents:
3.  Measure for scale diagram if location is hard to reach
 Get additional facts at the scene of accident
 Report to Headquarters by radio or telephone

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 HIT-AND-RUN INVESTIGATION

Steps to be taken by the police as a traffic law enforcer during traffic

accidents:
4. After leaving the scene
 Get medical report or injured from hospital or doctor
 Notifying the following: (1) relative to dead and injured (2) owner of
vehicle (3) have photographs developed (4) have specimen analyzed; if
any were taken, have chemical tests
 Complete the report of accident: (1) estimate speed of vehicles involved
(2) file report and copies
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 HIT-AND-RUN INVESTIGATION

Steps to be taken by the police as a traffic law enforcer during traffic

accidents:
4.  Complete the factual data on investigation report if not completed at
scene
 Reconstruct the accident: (1) estimate speed of vehicles involved (2)
draw scale diagram (3) analyze angle of collision (4) get technical help, if
necessary (4) summarize opinions

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Centrifugal Skid Mark - marking on a roadway left by a rotating tire.
 Skid Marks - marks left on the roadway by tires which are not free to rotate.
 Traffic Unit - any person using a traffic way for travel parking or other purpose as a
pedestrian or driver.
 Traffic Way - entire width between boundary lines of every way or place any part of which
is open to the use of public for purpose of vehicular traffic.
 Yawn mark - scuffmark made while a vehicle is yawning the mark made on the road by a
rotating tire which is slipping in a direction parallel to the axle of the wheel.

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Traffic – refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either powered by
combustion system or animal drawn, from one place to another for the purpose of travel.
• Accident – is that occurrence in a sequence of events which usually produces unintended
injury, death, or property damage.
• Motor vehicle – is every device which is self-propelled and every vehicle which is propelled
by electric power obtained from overhead trolley wires, but not operated upon rails.

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 THE END
“IF LIFE FUCKS
YOU HARD,
“JUST MOAN!”
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