INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

PULCHOWK CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING

A Presentation on Sustainable Development in Aviation and United Nations 17

Sustainable Development Goals.
.
SUBMITTED BY:
Anil Kumar Yadav(076BAS004)

Prasanna Pratap Thapa(076BAS028)

Pritam Sah Teli(076BAS030)

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus
 INTRODUCTION

 Sustainable development is a concept that emphasizes the

integration of economic, social, and environmental considerations
to achieve long-term prosperity and well-being for present and
future generations.

 It involves meeting the needs of the present without compromising the

ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

 The concept of sustainable development was popularized in the 1987

report of the World Commission on Environment and Development,
known as the Brundtland Report.
Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus
 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AVIATION

 Sustainable development in aviation refers to the efforts made to minimize the environmental impact of the
aviation industry while promoting social and economic well-being.

 Sustainable development in aviation is essential for reducing the industry's environmental impact, addressing
climate change, promoting social responsibility, and ensuring economic resilience.

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

 THREE PILLARS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

1. Economic Sustainability:
Economic sustainability focuses on fostering economic growth, prosperity, and stability in a way that does not deplete
or degrade natural resources.
2. Social Sustainability:
Social sustainability emphasizes the well-being, equity, and quality of life of individuals and communities.
3. Environmental Sustainability:
Environmental sustainability focuses on conserving and protecting the natural environment and its resources.

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

 THE NEED FOR SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN AVIATION
INDUSTRY
 Climate Change Mitigation:
Aviation's contribution to greenhouse gas emissions makes it crucial to adopt sustainable practices that reduce CO2
and other pollutant emissions.
 Air Quality Improvement:
By investing in cleaner technologies and operational procedures, the aviation industry can reduce air pollutants,
improving air quality in and around airports and minimizing the impact on public health.
 Noise Reduction and Community Well-being:
Sustainable aviation practices, such as quieter aircraft technologies, optimized flight paths, and land-use planning, can
help mitigate noise pollution and improve the well-being of communities living near airports.
 Resource Efficiency:
Sustainable practices, such as enhancing fuel efficiency, reducing waste, and optimizing operational procedures, lead
to resource conservation and cost savings. This ensures the efficient use of finite resources and enhances the industry's
long-term viability.

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

 ROLE OF AVIATION IN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND SOCIAL
CONNECTIVITY
 Economic Growth:
The aviation industry directly supports millions of jobs worldwide and generates economic activity through tourism,
trade, and business travel.
 Trade and Commerce:
Aviation enables the transportation of goods and facilitates international trade. It connects businesses, markets, and
supply chains globally, allowing for the efficient movement of goods and services.
 Tourism and Travel:
Aviation provides the means for people to explore new destinations, experience different cultures, and engage in
tourism activities. It fosters economic development in regions heavily reliant on tourism and enhances cultural
exchange and understanding.
 Social Connectivity:
Aviation connects people and communities, facilitating family visits, business meetings, educational exchanges, and
cultural interactions. It bridges geographical distances and promotes social cohesion by enabling people to connect and
share experiences across borders.

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

 Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change
 Climate change describe as the average weather conditions over certain period of time.
 International agencies has set a benchmark of 2 degree Celsius temperature to limit the global
warming.
 Climate change is linked to GHGs in the atmosphere.
 Natural GHGs include water(H20), CO2,Nox and CH4
 Human-made GHGs include CFCs cause ozone depletion
 Source of human based CO2 emissions are deforestation and burning of fossil fuels.

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

 Environmental Protection And International Law
Three examples of environmental hard law:
 the phasing out of ozone toxins,
 the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) ban on dumping plastic garbage at sea, and
 reporting obligations related to GHG emissions, established under the Kyoto Protocol
 Other than these three examples, most environmental agreements are considered soft law, which use
language like ‘to the extent possible’, and set vague timelines.

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

 Role Of International Organizational
1. United Nations plays a leadership role to manage climate change.
2. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) came into being with the
goal of stabilizing GHG concentrations in the atmosphere.
3. This convention is also known as Rio Convention as it was adopted at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit,
came into force in 2004. This convention required industrialized countries to report regularly on their
climate change policies and to measure and submit an annual report of GHG emissions.

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

 Role Of International Organizational
UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol
 It was adopted in Kyoto, Japan in 1997 and came into eff ect in 2005. This multilateral agreement
commits States to internationally binding emission reduction targets.
Exemption Of International Aviation And Maritime Emissions
 The Kyoto Protocol exempted international aviation and maritime emissions as both industries had their
own specialized agency to monitor global activities: ICAO and the International Maritime Organization
(IMO). However, domestic aviation activities were included.
Market-based Measures
 The Kyoto protocol set emission reduction target for states that allows market-based measures to
achieve target effectively.
 It include economic incentives or penalties to encourage emission reductions.
Examples include International emissions trading, Clean development mechanism (CDM), and Joint
implementation (JI)

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

 Role Of International Organizational
The European Union Emissions Trading scheme(ETS)
 The European Union (EU) took the initiative to develop an emissions trading scheme (ETS) of its own.
 This market-based measure (MBM) capped emissions from commercial flights operating in the EU. The
ETS measured the emissions from an entire flight and levied a relative carbon price on the airline.
 If an airline exceeded its allotment, it would have to purchase allowances through auction or from
another airlines.
Exclusion of Flight From Non-EU Nations
 Before the EU policy went into effect, it was decided that flights from nations outside the EU would be
excluded, as ICAO was making progress towards a global carbon trading scheme. Further, some countries
including the United States, were strongly opposed to the policy.

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

 Paris Agreement And Its Implication For Aviation
In 2016, the Paris Agreement came into effect, enhancing the powers of the UNFCCC. The goal of the Paris
Agreement is to commit the world to lower GHGs emissions while boosting clean energy businesses.
The specific aims of the Paris Agreement are to
1) hold the global average temperature increase to well below two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial
levels;
2) increase the ability to adapt to adverse impacts of climate change and to foster climate resilience and
low GHG emissions development without threatening food production;
3) make financial pathways that support low GHG emissions and climate-resilient development. Climate-
resilient development includes early warning systems, emergency preparedness, risk-assessment and
management, among other things.

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

 Paris Agreement And Its Implication For Aviation
1) To meet these three aims, States are to undertake ambitious efforts that demonstrate a progression
over time, while recognizing that developing States require support to implement these goals.
2) This agreement also introduces nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to be reviewed in 2023 and
every five years thereafter, and recorded in a public registry.
3) Although the Paris Agreement does not impose punishments upon States, the public disclosure of NDCs
creates a ‘name and shame’ system to highlight and encourage governments to take environmental
protection actions
4) All aviation activities account for about two per cent of global CO2 emissions (approximately 0.7 per
cent from domestic and 1.3 per cent from international aviation).

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

 International Regulations And Initiatives
1) To complement the UNFCCC Paris Agreement, the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for
International Aviation (CORSIA) has been put forward by ICAO as a global market-based measure to
address CO 2 emissions from international aviation.
2) CORSIA is to be implemented in phases, starting with voluntary participation by States in the pilot
phase (2021–2023) and the first phase (2024–2026), and eventually requiring the participation of all
member States (2027–2035).
3) All operators (regardless of whether their State is participating in the phase) are required to gather
and submit emissions data to ICAO.
4) CORSIA offsets aviation emissions by facilitating a reduction in emissions from other sectors (with
‘emissions units’ representing one tonne of CO2 ). This is similar to the UNFCCC’s clean development
mechanism which occurs within the global carbon market.

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

 Example Of Airlines And Airport Implementing sustainable Practices
Highlight Environment And Economic Benefits Achieved
Air New Zealand
 Air New Zealand has introduced a series of initiatives to reduce single-use plastic on its flights, and it has this year committed to
removing nearly 55 million plastic items from its flights.
 To mark Plastic Free July, the airline has removed individual plastic water bottles from its Business Premier and Premium Economy
cabins. This initiative is expected to divert more than 460,000 bottles from landfill annually and reduce carbon emissions by more
than 300,000 kilograms per year by reducing weight on the aircraft.

Yeti Airlines
a) Yeti Airlines produced 19,665 tonnes of CO2 equivalent emission in 2018 from its entire operations, including flights, vehicles and
other facilities. This equals the amount of carbon sequestered by approximately 325,165trees growing over 10 years. The emission
from its flight operations accounts for over 99.9% of its total GHG emissions.
b) Yeti Airlines was also able to offset its GHG emissions by procuring carbon credits, i.e. Certified Emission Reductions, certified under
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) through ‘Climate Neutral Now’ platform. In the past, Yeti
Airlines undertook various environmental and social projects such as the Yeti Green Re-forestation Project, Green Far West Project
and the Everest Clean Up campaign.
c) As part of the emission reduction plan, between 2017 and 2018, the airline was able to reduce the CO 2 equivalent emissions per flight
km by 20% and per passenger by 12% after adopting a more fuel-efficient aircraft fleet. The airline has achieved lower per passenger
GHG emissions by expanding its fleet of fuel-efficient aircraft, i.e. ATR72-500 while gradually phasing out its Jetstream 41
operations. In addition, implementing more efficient flight operations, streamlining ground procedures, improving airport
infrastructures, creating public awareness and staff training are the other vital GHG reduction strategies being enacted by the
company.

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

 SDG (Sustainable Development Goals )

 On 25 September 2015, the 193 countries of the UN General Assembly adopted the 2030
Development Agenda (Resolution 70/1) titled "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development".
 Successor of MDGs
 A collection of seventeen interlinked objectives designed to serve as a "shared blueprint for
peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future".
 They address the global challenges we face, including poverty, inequality, climate change,
environmental degradation, peace and justice.

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

  The Goal has 17 targets to be achieved by 2030, broken down into five
categories: finance, technology, capacity building, trade and systemic issues.
 This agenda has 92 paragraphs. Paragraph 59 outlines the 17 Sustainable
Development Goals and the associated 169 targets and 232 indicators.

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus
Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus
  How is SDG 4 important in aviation????

 Ensuring access to quality education and training opportunities for individuals interested in
pursuing careers in aviation

 Facilitating global education and cultural exchange.

 Responsibility to promote education and awareness around the environmental impact of air
travel

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

 Quick facts

 Without additional measures, only one in six countries will achieve the
universal secondary school completion target by 2030

 An estimated 84 million children and young people will still be out of school

 Approximately 300 million students will lack the basic numeracy and literacy
skills necessary for success in life.

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus
Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus
Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus
Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus
 Relevance in aviation

 Promoting gender equality and women's empowerment through its corporate

social responsibility programs

 As 1) Technical and leadership roles

2)Air traveller

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus
  65 million jobs worldwide and contributes $2.7 trillion to global GDP

 Role in promoting economic growth and development in local communities

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus
  Fostering innovation

 Resilient Infrastructures:
 Disaster-resistant airport buildings
 RSAs
 Emergency response plans
 Airfield lighting systems

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

 EMAS

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus
  Accessibility and inclusivity in air travel
 This initiative was formally launched on 5 December 2014 as part of the
events to mark the 70th Anniversary of the signing of the Convention on
International Civil Aviation (named the Chicago Convention).

 The ICAO NCLB initiative aims at:

 a) providing support for States in the effective implementation of ICAO’s
SARPs, policies, plans and programmes in a globally-harmonized manner;
 b) promoting the resolution of significant safety concerns and significant
security concerns; and
 c) promoting and implementing all ICAO’s assistance activities. 

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus
  Climate-resilient technology

 Carbon footprint

 Carbon money

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus
Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus
Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus
 Stakeholders and collaboration

 The recently adopted United Nation’s (UN) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development (adopted by the UN General Assembly on 25 September 2015)
will also support ICAO Member States in enhancing their civil aviation systems
in line with the NCLB initiative

 Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA).

 The partnerships between airlines and renewable energy companies to

develop sustainable aviation fuels (SAF)

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus

 References

 https://sdgs.un.org/goals
 rdc_easa_introduction_to_sustainability_peter_hind.pdf
 https://www.easa.europa.eu/en/light/topics/easas-sustainable-aviation-prog
ramme
 https://www.wai.org/industry-stats
 https://www.aci-asiapac.aero/media-centre/perspectives/runway-safe-addr
esses-common-challenges-of-runway-excursions
 https://applications.icao.int/postalhistory/the_no_country_left_behind_initi
ative.htm

Fundamentals of International Aviation (2023/07/21) IOE, Pulchowk Campus