OPERATING

SHIVKUMAR .A.V SYSTEM

ASHISH.V

S.SHANAWAZ TRUCTURES
ABHISHEK.P KAMLESH.N
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Operating System

A program that controls the execution of application programs interface between applications and hardware

An An

operating system (OS) is software, consisting of programs and data, that runs on computers, manages computer hardware resources, and provides common services for execution of various 4/17/12 application software..

Operating System Objectives

Convenience
Makes the computer more convenient to use

Efficiency
Allows computer system resources to be

used in an efficient manner

Ability

to evolve

Permit effective development, testing, and

introduction of new system functions without interfering with service

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Services Provided by the Operating System Program execution :

system capability to load a program into memory and to run it.

I/O operations :

since user programs cannot execute I/O operations directly, the operating system must provide some means to perform I/O.

File-system manipulation : program capability to read, write,

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System structure of
OS :-

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How the structure of OS

must be?

The function of the system should be modified easily. The common approach is to partition the task into small components rather than have one monolithic system. Each of the modules of the os must be well defined with carefully inputs, outputs and their functions.

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STRUCTURES: SIMPLE

STRUCTURES UNIX system structures

1)MS-DOS layer structures

Traditional Layered

operating system

MICROKERNALS MODULES 1) 2)

Solaris Mac Os X

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SIMPLE STRUCTURES: MS-DOS Not

written to provide the most functionality in the least space divided into modules MS-DOS has some structure, its interfaces and levels of functionality are not well separated

Although

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MS-DOS Layer Structure

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Traditional UNIX system structure: UNIX It

initially was limited hardware functionality. consist of the two separable parts Kernel and system programs. kernel is begin separated into series of interfaces and the device drivers. kernel provides the file system , CPU scheduling, memory management, and OS system function through the system calls.

The The

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Traditional UNIX System Structure

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Layered Approach: In

this method of structuring the whole operating system is divided into a number of layers, in which the lowest layer represents the hardware part and the highest layer represents its user interface part In these the layered of OS is broken into number of levels.

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 Main

advantage :- simplicity of construction and debugging

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Structure of
LAYERS LAYER 5 LAYER 4 LAYER 3 LAYER 2 LAYER 1 LAYER 0

the THE

OS:-

FUNCTION The operator User programs Input/Output management Operator-process management Memory and drum management Process allocation and multiprogramming

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Layered Operating System

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Layered structure of
The

first layer can be debugged without any concern for the rest of the system, because it uses only basic hardware to implement its functions. the first layer is debugged, its correct functioning can be assumed while the second layer is debugged and so on..

Once

If

an error is found is found during 4/17/12 the debugging of a particular layer,

Advantages of layered
approach

In this case the system is easier to debug and modify, because changes affect only limited portions of the code, and programmer does not have to know the details of the other layers. Information is also kept only where it is needed and is accessible only in certain ways, so bugs affecting that data are limited to a specific module or layer.

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Microkernel System Structure

Moves

as much from the kernel into user space takes place between user modules using message passing Easier to extend a microkernel

Communication Benefits:

Easier to port the operating system to new architectures More reliable (less code is running in 4/17/12 kernel mode)

Mac OS X Structure

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Mac OS X Structure: In

this the Mach kernel maps the UNIX system calls into messages to the appropriate user-level services. Mac OS X kernel is also based on the Mach microkernel .

The

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Advantages of layered
approach
Mac

OS X provides many benefits to the Macintosh user and developer communities. These benefits include improved reliability and performance, enhanced networking features, an object-based system programming interface, and increased support for industry standards.

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Modules: Most

modern operating systems implement kernel modules Uses object-oriented approach Each core component is separate

Each talks to the others over known interfaces Each is loadable as needed within the kernel
Overall,
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flexible

similar to layers but with more

Modules of Solaris: Solaris

OS structure is organized around a kernel with a seven types of loadable kernel modules:Scheduling classes. File system. Loadable system calls. Executable formats. STREAMS Modules. Miscellaneous.

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

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Solaris Modular Approach

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Solaris Modular Approach

The

above fig shows that the kernel is the core of all the services, and it allows the certain features to be implemented dynamically. eg :- device and the bus driver for the specific hardware can be added to the kernel, and support for different file systems can be added as the loadable modules.

For

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Apple Mac OS X structure:-

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Apple Mac OS X structure: Top

layer :- Application environments and set of services providing graphical interface to applications. layer:- Kernel environment. environment is consist of primarily of the Mach microkernel and the BSD kernel.

Below Kernel

Mach

provides the memory management support for remote procedures calls(RPCs) & interprocess 4/17/12 communication facilities, including

T
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