Warm Up

• Pressure Conversions (Memorize!!!)

– 1 atm = 760 torr
– 1 atm = 760 mmHg
– 1 atm = 101.3 kPa

A gas has a pressure of 540 torr. What is the

pressure of this gas in atmospheres?

540 torr 1 atm

= 0.71 atm
760 torr

A gas has a pressure of 2.13 atm. What is the

pressure of this gas in kPa?
2.13 atm 101.3 kPa = 215.77 kPa
1 atm
 Warm Up Continued
If a gas occupies 3.6 L at a pressure of 1.0
atm, what will its volume be at a pressure
of 2.5 atm?
P1 = 1.0 atm V1 = 3.6 L P2 = 2.5 atm V2 = ?
P1V1 = P2V2 (1)(3.6) = (2.5)(V2) V2 = 1.44 L

500.0 mL of a gas is collected at 745 mmHg.

What will the pressure be when the volume is
increased to 750 mL?
P1 = 745 mmHg V1 = 500 mL P2 = ? V2 = 750 mL

(745)(500) = (P2)(750) P2 = 496.67 mmHg

 Gay Lussac’s Law

Temperature and Pressure

 Gay-Lussac’s Law: P and T
In Gay-Lussac’s Law

• the pressure exerted by a gas

is directly related to the Kelvin
temperature.

• V and n are constant.

P1 = P2
T1 T2
 Learning Check
Solve Gay-Lussac’s Law for P2.

P1 = P2
T1 T2

Multiply both sides by T2 and cancel

P1 x T2 = P2 x T2
T1 T2

P2 = P 1 x T2
T1
 Calculation with Gay-Lussac’s
Law
A gas has a pressure at 2.0 atm at 18°C. What
is the new pressure when the temperature is
62°C? (V and n constant)

1. Set up a data table;

Conditions 1 Conditions 2

P1 = 2.0 atm P2 =

T1 = 18°C + 273 T2
?
= 62°C + 273
= 291 K = 335 K
 Calculation with Gay-Lussac’s
Law (continued)
2. Solve Gay-Lussac’s Law for P2:

P1 = P2
T1 T2

P2 = P1 x T 2
T1

P2 = 2.0 atm x 335 K = 2.3 atm

291 K
Temperature ratio
increases pressure
 Try it
A gas has a pressure of 645 torr at 128°C. What is the
temperature in Celsius if the pressure increases to
1.50 atm (n and V remain constant)?
1. Set up a data table:
Conditions 1 Conditions 2

P1 = 645 torr P2 = 1.50 atm x 760 torr = 1140 torr

1 atm

T1 = 128°C + 273 T2 = K – 273 = ?°C

= 401 K
 Solution
2. Solve Gay-Lussac’s Law for T2:

P1 = P2
T1 T2

T2 = T1 x P2
P1

T2 = 401 K x 1140 torr = 709 K - 273 = 436°C

645 torr Pressure ratio
increases temperature
Avogadro’s Law
 Avogadro's Law: Volume and
Moles
In Avogadro’s Law

• the volume of a gas is directly

related to the number of moles
(n) of gas.

• T and P are constant.

V1 = V2
n1 n2
 Learning Check
If 0.75 mole helium gas occupies
a volume of 1.5 L, what volume
will 1.2 moles helium occupy at
the same temperature and
pressure?

1) 0.94 L
2) 1.8 L
3) 2.4 L
 Solution
STEP 1 Conditions 1 Conditions 2
V1 = 1.5 L V2 = ???
n1 = 0.75 mole He n2 = 1.2 moles He

STEP 2 Solve for unknown V2

V2 = V1 x n2
n1
STEP 3 Substitute values and solve for V2.
V2 = 1.5 L x 1.2 moles He = 2.4 L
0.75 mole He
Partial Pressure
(Dalton’s Law)
 Partial Pressure

The partial pressure of a gas

• is the pressure of each gas in a mixture.

• is the pressure that gas would exert if it were

by itself in the container.
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures indicates that

• pressure depends on the total number of gas particles, not

on the types of particles.

• the total pressure exerted by gases in a mixture is the sum

of the partial pressures of those gases.

PT = P1 + P2 + P3 +.....
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Illustrating Partial Pressures
 Total Pressure
For example, at STP, one mole of a pure gas in a
volume of 22.4 L will exert the same pressure as one
mole of a gas mixture in 22.4 L.
V = 22.4 L
Gas mixtures

0.4 mole O2 0.5 mole O2

1.0 mole N2 0.6 mole He 0.3 mole He
1.0 mole 0.2 mole Ar
1.0 mole
1.0 atm 1.0 atm 1.0 atm
 Scuba Diving
• When a scuba diver dives, the
increased pressure causes N2(g) to
dissolve in the blood.
• If a diver rises too fast, the
dissolved N2 will form bubbles in the
blood, a dangerous and painful
condition called "the bends".
• Helium, which does not dissolve in
the blood, is mixed with O2 to
prepare breathing mixtures for
deep descents.
 Learning Check
A scuba tank contains O2 with a
pressure of 0.450 atm and He at
855 mm Hg. What is the total
pressure in mm Hg in the tank?
 Solution

1. Convert the pressure in atm to mm Hg

0.450 atm x 760 mm Hg = 342 mm Hg = P(O2)
1 atm

2. Calculate the sum of the partial pressures.

Ptotal = P(O2) + P(He)

Ptotal = 342 mm Hg + 855 mm Hg

= 1197 mm Hg
 Learning Check

For a deep dive, a scuba diver uses a mixture of

helium and oxygen with a pressure of 8.00 atm. If
the oxygen has a partial pressure of 1280 mm Hg,
what is the partial pressure of the helium?

1) 520 mm Hg
2) 2040 mm Hg
3) 4800 mm Hg
 Solution

PTotal = 8.00 atm x 760 mm Hg = 6080 mm Hg

1 atm
PTotal = PO + PHe
2

PHe = PTotal - PO2

PHe = 6080 mm Hg - 1280 mm Hg

= 4800 mm Hg
 Gases We Breathe
The air we breathe
• is a gas mixture. TABLE 6.4

• contains mostly N2
and O2 and small
amounts of other
gases.
 Learning Check
A.If the atmospheric pressure today is 745 mm Hg,
what is the partial pressure (mm Hg) of O2 in the
air?
1) 35.6 2) 156 3) 760

B. At an atmospheric pressure of 714, what is the

partial pressure (mm Hg) N2 in the air?
1) 557 2) 9.14 3)
0.109
 Blood Gases
• In the lungs, O2
enters the blood,
while CO2 from the
blood is released.

• In the tissues, O2
enters the cells,
which release CO2
into the blood.
 Blood Gases
In the body,
• O2 flows into the tissues because the partial pressure of O 2 is higher
in arterial blood, and lower in the tissues.

• CO2 flows out of the tissues because the partial pressure of CO 2 is

higher in the tissues, and lower in the blood.

Partial Pressures in Blood and Tissue

Oxygenated Deoxygenated
(arterial) (venous)
Gas Blood Blood Tissues
O2 100 40 30 or less
CO2 40 46 50 or greater
Gas Exchange During Breathing

TABLE 6.5