Chapter 4

CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM

Prepared By

MUHAMMED IRJAS KAVILADATH

(BSN-RN , ROYAL COMMISSION HOSPITAL - AL

JUBAIL, SAUDI ARABIA)
CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM
Chapter Objectives
 At the end of the chapter, you should be able to: -
 Describe the primary functions and components of blood.
 Explain the steps involved in blood clotting.
 Describe ABO and Rh blood typing.
 Describe the three layers of the heart.
 Name the four chambers and valves of the heart.
 Name the components of the heart’s conduction system.
 Briefly describe the cardiac cycle.
 Explain what produces the two heart sounds.
 Differentiate among the three main types of vessels in
the body with regard to structure and function.
 Describe pulmonary and systemic circuits.
MUHAMMED IRJAS
INTRODUCTION
The cardiovascular system is the transport system of the
body by which food, oxygen, water and all other essentials
are carried to the tissue cells and their waste products are
carried away.
It consists of three parts:
1. The blood, Which is the fluid in which materials are
carried to and from the tissue
2. The heart, which is the driving force which propels the
blood
3. The blood vessels, the routes by which the blood travels to
and through the tissues and back to the heart.

MUHAMMED IRJAS
The Blood
 Blood is classified as a connective tissue, since nearly half of it is made up
of cells. However, it differ from other connective tissues in that its cells
are not fixed in position, instead they move freely in the liquid portion of
the blood, the plasma.
 Blood is a viscous (thick) fluid that varies in color from bright to dark red,
depending on how much oxygen it is carrying. Its quantity differs with the
size of the person; the average adult male, weighing 70 kg has about 5-6
liters of blood. This volume accounts for about 8% of the total body
weight.
 It is carried through a closed system of vessels pumped by the heart. The
circulating blood is of fundamental importance in maintaining the internal
environment in a constant state (homeostasis).
MUHAMMED IRJAS
Functions of the Blood
 1. Transportation
 A. Oxygen- from inhaled air diffuses into the blood through the thin lung membranes
and is carried to all the tissue of the body. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of cell
metabolism, is carried from the tissues to the lungs, where it is breathed out.
 B. The blood transports foods and other needed substances such as minerals and
vitamins, to the cells. These materials may inter the blood from the digestive system or
may be released into the blood from body stores.
 C. The blood transports waste products from the cells to the sites from which they are
released. The kidney removes excess water, minerals, and urea from protein
metabolism and maintains the acid-base balance of the blood. The liver removes bile
pigments and drugs.
 D. The blood carries hormones from their sites of origin to the organs they affect.

MUHAMMED IRJAS
 2. Regulation
 A. Buffers in the blood help keep the PH of body fluids at about 7.4
 B. The blood serves to regulate the amount of fluid in the tissues by means of
substances (mainly proteins) that maintain the proper osmotic pressure
 C. The blood transports heat that is generated in the muscles to other parts of
the body thus aiding in the regulation of body temperature by the blood, thus
aiding in the regulation of body temperature.
 3. Protection
 A. The blood carries the cells that are among the body’s defenders against
pathogens. It also contains substances (antibodies) that are concerned with
immunity to disease.
 B. The blood contains factors that protect against blood loss.

MUHAMMED IRJAS
Composition of Blood
 The blood is composed of two prime elements: as already
mentioned, the liquid element is called plasma; the cells and
fragments of cells are called formed elements or corpuscles
 The formed elements are classified as follows:
 1. Erythrocytes, from erythro, meaning “red,” are the red blood cells,
which transport oxygen.
 2. Leukocytes, from leuko, meaning “white,” are the several types of
white blood cells, which protect against infection.
 3. Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are cell fragments that
participate in blood clotting.

MUHAMMED IRJAS
MUHAMMED IRJAS
Blood Plasma
 Blood plasma is a light amber-colored liquid component of blood in which
blood cells are absent, but which contains protein and other constituents of
whole blood in suspension.
 It makes up about 55% of the body's total blood volume.
 It is mostly water (up to 95% by volume), and contains important dissolved
proteins (serum albumin, globulins and fibrinogen), glucose, clotting
factors, electrolytes (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3−, Cl−, etc.), hormones,
CO2 and oxygen.
 It plays a vital role in an intravascular osmotic effect that keeps electrolyte
concentration balanced and protects the body from infection and other
blood-related disorders.
MUHAMMED IRJAS
MUHAMMED IRJAS
 Plasma proteins

 Albumins
 Serum albumins are the most common plasma proteins and they are responsible for maintaining the
osmotic pressure of blood. Without albumins, the consistency of blood would be closer to that of
water. The increased viscosity of blood prevents fluid from entering the bloodstream from outside the
capillaries. Albumins are produced in the liver assuming the absence of a hepatocellular deficiency
 Globulins
 The second most common type of protein in the blood plasma are globulins. Important globulins
include immunoglobins which are important for the immune system and transport hormones and
other compounds around the body. There are three main types of globulins. Alpha-1 and Alpha-2
globulins , beta globulin and Gamma globulin, better known as immunoglobulins,, and provides
the human body with a defense system against invading pathogens and other immune diseases.
 Fibrinogen
 Fibrinogen proteins make up most of the remaining proteins in the blood. Fibrinogens are
responsible for clotting blood to help prevent blood loss
MUHAMMED IRJAS
 Formed Elements

MUHAMMED IRJAS
MUHAMMED IRJAS
FUNCTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Transport nutrients, hormones
Remove waste products
Gaseous exchange
Immunity
Blood vessels transport blood
◦ Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
◦ Also carries nutrients and wastes
Heart pumps blood through blood vessels

MUHAMMED IRJAS
COMPONENTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
• BLOOD

• HEART

• BLOOD VESSELS

MUHAMMED IRJAS
BLOOD

• The Blood: Blood cells & Plasma

• Blood cells

1- Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells 2- Leucocytes

3- Thrombocytes

• Plasma is fluid portion

MUHAMMED IRJAS
HEART

• Heart is a four chambered, hollow muscular

organ approximately the size of your fist
• Location:
– Superior surface of diaphragm
– Left of the midline
– Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to
the sternum
MUHAMMED IRJAS
MUHAMMED IRJAS
FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART

• Generating blood pressure

• Routing blood
 Heart separates pulmonary and systemic circulations

• Ensuring one-way blood flow

 Heart valves ensure one-way flow
• Regulating blood supply
Changes in contraction rate and force match blood delivery to changing
metabolic needs

MUHAMMED IRJAS
BLOOD VESSELS

• Blood Vessels -A closed network of tubes

• These includes:
 Arteries
 Capillaries
 Veins

MUHAMMED IRJAS
BLOOD VESSELS

Arteries(Distributing channel)
• Thick walled tubes
• Elastic Fibers
• Circular Smooth Muscle

–Capillaries (microscopic vessels)

• One cell thick
• Serves the Respiratory System

–Veins (draining channel)

MUHAMMED IRJAS
ARTERIES

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called arteries.
They are the thickest blood vessels and they carry blood high in oxygen known as
oxygenated blood (oxygen rich blood).

MUHAMMED IRJAS
ARTERIES

• Accompanied by vein and nerves

• Lumen is small
• No valves
• Repeated branching

MUHAMMED IRJAS
CLASSIFICATION OF ARTEIES

• Elastic- e.g. (Aorta & its Major branches)

• Muscular -e.g.(Renal, Testicular, Radial, Tibial etc.)

• Arterioles-
Terminal arterioles Meta-arterioles

MUHAMMED IRJAS
CAPILLARIES (5-8 micron)

MUHAMMED IRJAS
VEINS

 Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart are called veins

MUHAMMED IRJAS
VEINS

• Thin Walled
• Large irregular lumen
• Have valves
• Dead space around
• Types:
 Large Medium Small

MUHAMMED IRJAS
VEINS

• Veins without valves:

 SVC & IVC
 Hepatic, Renal
 Uterine, Ovarian not Testicular
 Facial
 Pulmonary
 Umbilical
 Emissary
 Portal Veins

MUHAMMED IRJAS
• Factors responsible for venous return:
1. Muscle contraction
2. Negative intrathoracic pressure
3. Pulsation of arteries
4. Gravity
5. Valves

MUHAMMED IRJAS
CIRCULATION

 –Coronary circulation – the circulation of blood within the heart.

 –Pulmonary circulation – the flow of blood between the heart and lungs.
 –Systemic circulation – the flow of blood between the heart and the cells of the
body.
–Fetal Circulation

MUHAMMED IRJAS
SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY
CIRCULATION

MUHAMMED IRJAS
CORONARY CIRCULATION: ARTERIAL SUPPLY

MUHAMMED IRJAS
PORTAL CIRCULATION

 Portal circulation - the flow of blood between tow set of capillaries before draining
in systemic veins.

MUHAMMED IRJAS
FETAL CIRCULATION

MUHAMMED IRJAS
MUHAMMED IRJAS
MUHAMMED IRJAS