Physics 2 - M3&4 Charges & Electric Field (COMPLETE)

GED0083
COLLEGE PHYSICS 2
M3. ELECTRIC CHARGES

& FORCES
Engr. Karl Gallardo
Objectives
By the end of the discussion, students should be able to:

 Explain the basic concepts of charge and conservation of
charges
 Differentiate the types of charging
 Solve charge problem using Coulomb’s Law
GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
The Origin of Electricity
Born 624 BCE GREEK
Died 548 BCE PHILOSOPHER
THALES CONSIDERED THE

Source: Dreamstine.com
of FIRST
PHILOSOPHER BY
ARISTOTLE
MILETUS Thales of Miletus and the ancient

Greeks discovered that when amber, a
rare gem from tree resin, was rubbed
to fur, it would attract other tiny
particles near in contact.
The Origin of Electricity
Born 624 BCE GREEK
Died 548 BCE PHILOSOPHER
Thales of Miletus and the ancient
Greeks discovered that when amber, a
rare gem from tree resin, was rubbed
with wool, it would attract other tiny
THALES CONSIDERED THE
particles near in contact.
of FIRST
PHILOSOPHER BY
ARISTOTLE
MILETUS
The Greek word
“elektron“ means amber.
The word “electric” was
derived from it.
Image Sources:
Encyclopedia Britannica
Libretexts.com
Electric Charge
American polymath
Benjamin Franklin
conducted the kite
experiment in 1750s
where he tested if
lightning was a form of
electricity.
Electricity
Source: Encyclopedia Britannica
Note: During this
period, the concept of
electricity was still a big
blur.
Solar Radiation Burning/Fi Ignition
Electric Charge
Charges from the clouds (not lightning) traveled
through the conductive kite string connected to the
Leyden Jar.
During this time, Franklin and scientists already knew

the concept of conduction and insulation. Hence,
Franklin was not electrocuted in the process.
Electricity
The Leyden Jar was invented in

1745 by Dutch scientist Pieter van
Musschenbroek. It was the first
Solar Radiation known device toBurning/Fi
have stored a
Ignition
large amount of electric charge.
Electric Charge
After his several demonstrations,

Franklin suggested to call two kinds of
charges—positive and negative.
Electricity
RECALL: Structure of an Atom
Atom is the basic unit of a
chemical element.
An atom has no overall

electrical charge.
Electricity
Nucleus is the positively charged central core of an
atom, consisting of protons and neutrons and
containing nearly all its mass.

Proton is a stable Electron is a stable
subatomic particle subatomic particle
occurring in all atomic with a charge of
nuclei, with a positive negative electricity,
electric charge equal found in all atoms
in magnitude to that and acting as the
of an electron, but of primary carrier of
opposite sign. Electricityelectricity in solids.

Proton is a stable Electron is a stable
subatomic particle subatomic particle
occurring in all atomic with a charge of
nuclei, with a positive negative electricity,
electric charge equal found in all atoms
in magnitude to that and acting as the
of an electron, but of primary carrier of
opposite sign. Electricityelectricity in solids.
Neutron is a subatomic particle

of about the same mass as a
proton but without an electric
charge, present in all atomic
nuclei except those of ordinary Source: Encyclopedia Britannica
hydrogen.
RECALL: The Periodic Table
The number of protons of an
element is equal to its atomic
number.
e.g. Potassium (K) has 19

protons.
Electricity
The number of electrons of
an element is equal to the
number of its protons.
e.g. Potassium (K) has 19

Solar Radiation Burning/Fi Ignition electrons.
RECALL: The Periodic Table
The number of neutrons of
an element is equal to the
difference of mass number
(M) and the atomic number.
e.g. Potassium (K) has:
Electricity
Electric Charge
If an atom has an imbalance on the number of
electrons and protons, it is an ion.
An ion has a net electrical charge due to loss or gain

of electron.
Anion Electricity
A negatively charged ion
(more electrons)
Cation
A positively charged ion
(more protons) Source: Encyclopedia Britannica
Electric Charge
KEY CONCEPTS:
 Negative electrical charge

When a material has an excess number of
electrons, it has a negative electrical charge. Electricity
 Positive electrical charge

When a material has a deficiency of electrons,
itSolar
hasRadiation
a positive electrical charge.
Burning/Fi Ignition
Electric Charge
KEY CONCEPTS:
 Like charges repel

Two positive charges or two negative
charges repel each other. Electricity
 Opposite charges attract

A positive and a negative charge
attract each other.
Electric Charge
Electrical charge is a property of
matter that causes it to produce
and experience electrical and
magnetic effect.
UOM of electrical charge:
Electricity
Solar Radiation Burning/Fire Ignition
Electric Charge
magnetic effect.
Electricity
In 1785, French scientist Charles de
Coulomb found out that each electric
point exerts mechanical force on the
other.
Solar Radiation Burning/Fi
The charge Ignition
of a proton or an electron,
respectively, is:
Properties of an Electrical Charge
QUANTIZATION
Electric charge
can only have Electricity
discrete values
(not continuous).
Where n is the
number of
Solar Radiation
electrons and e is Burning/Fi Ignition
the charge of
electrons.
QUANTIZATION MASS
Electric charge A charge cannot exist
can only have without mass except Electricity
on photons and
discrete values
neutrinos which
(not continuous). have mass but no
charge.
Where n is the Loss of electrons can

number of slightly decrease an
Solar Radiation
electrons and e is object’s mass while
Burning/Fi Ignition
gaining electrons can
the charge of slightly increase it.
electrons.
QUANTIZATION MASS CONSERVATION

Electric charge A charge cannot exist Electric charge is
can only have without mass except always conserved Electricity
on photons and in an isolated
discrete values
neutrinos which system.
(not continuous). have mass but no
charge. One object gains
some amount of
Where n is the Loss of electrons can negative charge
number of slightly decrease an while the other
Solar Radiation
electrons and e is object’s mass while loses an equal
Burning/Fi Ignition
gaining electrons can amount of negative
the charge of slightly increase it.
electrons. charge.
QUANTIZATION MASS CONSERVATION INVARIANCE

Electric charge A charge cannot exist Electric charge is
can only have without mass except always conserved Electricity
on photons and The value of
discrete values in an isolated charge on a body
neutrinos which system.
(not continuous). have mass but no remains the same,
charge. One object gains whether it is
some amount of stationary, or
Where n is the Loss of electrons can negative charge moving with a
number of slightly decrease an while the other constant velocity
Solar Radiation
electrons and e is object’s mass while loses an equal
Burning/Fi Ignition
gaining electrons can or accelerating.
the charge of amount of negative
slightly increase it. charge.
electrons.
Charging Process
Conduction
Charging that
involves direct
contact
Electricity
Charging Process
Conductors
Conduction e.g.
are materials that
Charging that permit electrical Copper, Gold, Tin,
involves direct charge from Saltwater, Silver,
contact moving from one
region to another
Brass, Nickel
Electricity
Charging Process
Conductors
Conduction e.g.
are materials that
region to another
Brass, Nickel
Electricity
Insulators
are materials that
e.g. do not permit
Wood, plastic, electrical charge
paper, oil to flow since they
hold their
electrons tightly
Charging Process
Conductors
Conduction e.g.
are materials that
region to another.
Brass, Nickel
Electricity
Insulators Semiconductors
are materials that are materials that e.g.
e.g. do not permit possess the Silicon, Germanium
Wood, plastic, electrical charge to property of a
flow since they (both main
paper, oil hold their electrons
conductor and an
Solar Radiation Burning/Fitightly
Ignition insulator. ingredients of a PCB)
Charging Process
Conduction
Charging that
involves direct
contact/touching
Electricity
Induction
Charging that
does not involve
touching but just
Solar Radiation nearness
Burning/Fi Ignition
Charging Process
Conduction Friction
Objects are
Charging that
rubbed with
involves direct
each other and
contact/touching
charges transfer.
Electricity
Induction
Charging that
does not involve
touching but just
Burning/Fi Ignition
Charging Process
Conduction Friction
Objects are
Charging that
rubbed with
involves direct
each other and
contact/touching
charges transfer.
Electricity
Polarization
Induction When Object A of both
+ and – charges is
Charging that attracted by another
does not involve object B of e.g. +
charge, object B
touching but just enables the + charges
Burning/Fi Ignition
of Object A to migrate
to the certain point of
contact.
Images source: Encyclopedia Britannica, Tenor GIF, Flipping Physics
Recall: Electric Charge
magnetic effect.
Electricity
In 1785, French scientist Charles de
Coulomb found out that each electric
point exerts mechanical force on the
other.
Solar Radiation Burning/Fi
The charge Ignition
of a proton or an electron,
respectively, is:
Recall: Electric Charge
The charge of a proton or an electron,
respectively, is:
In 1909, American
physicist Robert Millikan
devised the most
compelling proof showing Electricity
the measurement of a
charge of a single
electron known as the
“Oil Drop Experiment”. There is an upward electric
force to counter the downward
Solar Radiation Burning/Fi Ignition gravitational force of the oil
droplets to keep them
stationary.
Familiarization of Terms
Source Charge (Q) vs Test Charge (q)
Source Charge (Q) is a much larger charge such as charge of
plates. It produces an electric field composed of point charges.
Test Charge (q) is a point charge that is used for interaction

with other charges.
Source: McGill Physics
Quantization of Charge
1. Find the total charge of the electrons of nitrogen. 𝑸=𝒏𝒆
Where:
Q = total charge
n = number of protons or electrons
e = charge of a proton/electron =
Source: Dreamstine.com
2. Find the total charge of the protons of Krypton. 𝑸=𝒏𝒆
Where:
Q = total charge
3. How many electrons are transferred when a polythene material of
charge is rubbed with wool? 𝑸=𝒏𝒆
Where:
Q = total charge
Number of protons/electrons is
always a POSITIVE INTEGER.
𝑸=𝒏𝒆
4. A system is made up of 10 subatomic particles, in which there are 4
protons, 2 electrons, and 4 neutrons. The charges present on these six
particles are +2e, +4e, +10e, +6e, -4e, and -2e. Calculate the net charge
present within the system. Where:
Q = total charge
The total charge is simply the

sum of the subatomic charges.
Coulomb’s Law
The Inverse-Square Law

The magnitude of the electric
force between two point
charges is directly proportional
to the product of the charges
and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance
between them. Source: www.wirebiters.com/electrostatics-coulombs-law/
Coulomb’s Law
1
𝐹 𝐸= ∙¿𝑞1 𝑞2 ∨ ¿2 ¿
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 𝑟
where:
permittivity of free space or electric
Source: www.wirebiters.com/electrostatics-coulombs-law/
constant, a universal constant that tells
us how easily or how difficult it is for
The Inverse-Square Law an electric field to pass through a
The magnitude of the electric force vacuum
between two point charges is
directly proportional to the product For simplicity, let be the force
of the charges and inversely proportionality constant.
proportional to the square of the
distance between them.
Coulomb’s Law
¿
𝐹 𝐸 =𝑘𝐸 ∙¿𝑞1 𝑞2 ∨ 2 ¿
𝑟
Where:
The Inverse-Square Law – Force in Newtons (N)
The magnitude of the electric force
– charges in Coulombs (C)
between two point charges is
directly proportional to the product – distance between the charges (m)
of the charges and inversely (electrostatic constant)
proportional to the square of the
distance between them.
Coulomb’s Law
¿
𝐹 𝐸 =𝑘𝐸 ∙¿𝑞1 𝑞2 ∨ 2 ¿
𝑟
Where:
– Force in Newtons (N)
(a) When the charges are of the
same sign, the force is repulsive. – distance between the charges (m)
(electrostatic constant)
(b) When the charges are of
opposite signs, the force is attractive.
Newton’s Law of Gravitation vs.
Coulomb’s Law
¿ ¿
𝐹 𝐸 =𝑘𝐸 ∙¿𝑞1 𝑞2 ∨ 2 ¿
𝐹 𝐺=𝐺∙¿𝑚1 𝑚 2∨ 2 ¿
𝑟 𝑟
Where: Where:
– Gravitational force in Newtons (N) – Force in Newtons (N)
– masses of two bodies in kilograms – charges in Coulombs (C)
(kg) – distance between the charges (m)
– distance between the charges (m) (Electrostatic Constant)
(Universal Gravitational Constant)
Coulomb’s Law
Recall:
1. In the air, the distance between a charge and is How much force exists 𝐹 𝐸 =𝑘𝐸 ∙¿𝑞1 𝑞2 ∨ ¿2 ¿
between the two? Describe the force. 𝑟
Where:
– Force in Newtons (N)
a. – charges in Coulombs (C)

– distance between the charges (m)
1
–
+
1m 1
The magnitude of a force can never be
negative, but its direction can be opposite
to the other.
Coulomb’s Law
2. The distance between two opposite charges is . The force of attraction
between them is . Find the magnitude of the atoms’ charges assuming they 𝐹 𝐸 =𝑘𝐸 ∙¿𝑞1 𝑞2 ∨ ¿2 ¿
𝑟
have numerically equal magnitudes.
Where:
(magnitude only) – Force in Newtons (N)
– distance between the charges (m)
1
𝐹 𝐸 =2.5 𝑥 10 2 𝑁
–
+
1.35 𝑥 10− 3 𝑚 1
GED0083
COLLEGE PHYSICS 2
M4. ELECTRIC FIELD &

CHARGE DISTRIBUTION
Engr. Karl Gallardo
Objectives
By the end of the discussion, students should be able to:

 State general properties of electric field.
 Interpret electric field using electric field lines.
Electric Field
Electric field is
defined as the
area where
Electric field electrical
force can be
Electric field experienced.
A charged
body creates
an electric
Electric field Electric field field in the
space around
it.
Electric Field
The charged
particles DO NOT
require the
presence of
Electric field another particle
to produce an
Electric field electric field.
They
produce the
Electric field electric field
Electric field
by
themselves.
Electric Field
The particles can create an

electric field as a result of the
charge they carry.
This somehow modifies the

properties of the space
Source: Brilliant.org around them.
Electric Field Lines
British physicist
Michael Faraday
(1791-1867) first
introduced the
concept of field
lines.
He called them
“lines of force”
but the term
Source: Brilliant.org
“field lines” is
preferable.
An electric field line is an imaginary line or curve drawn through a region

of empty space so that its tangent line at any point is in the direction of
the electric field vector at that point.
Two equal positive charges Two equal negative charges
Field lines do not cross because it

Electric field lines start on The number starting or ending is
would not make sense for the
positive charges and end on proportional to the magnitude of
electric field to have 2 directions at
negative charges. the charge.
the same point.
Two equal positive charges Two equal negative charges
However, we only draw the

There is actually an visibly plausible representation
Electric field strength or
infinite number of and visualization of the electric
magnitude decreases
electric field lines of fields.
with distance.
a charge. Let 1 line represent 1q, for
instance.
The Van de Graaff Experiment
The hair strands standing up

exhibit the electric field around
the head of the student.
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/charges-and-fie
The yarn is attracted to the person. Human beings are
latest/charges-and-fields_en.html
apparently neutrally charged since we are consistently
discharged to the ground, but our clothes and other
garments can still carry little negative charges.
SIMULATION
Scan the QR code.
URL:
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/
html/charges-and-fields/latest/
charges-and-fields_en.html
Examples:
1. Draw the electric field lines of a system consisting 4q, 7q, and -8q, assuming they form an equilateral triangle.
Let one field line represent one charge (q).
4q
-8q 7q
Assignment: TN22 – filler; TW32 – Short Bond Paper (Saturday to Sir Norman; SURNAME FIRST); TN24 – filler
1. Draw the electric field lines of a system consisting -12q, 9q, -8q, and 3q assuming they form a rectangle in that
order. Let one field line represent a single charge.
Strength of an Electric Field
The strength of an electric field
at any point may be defined as
𝑭
the electric force F exerted per 𝑬=
unit positive electric charge q at
that point, or simply .
𝒒
Where:
Using Coulomb’s Law, the – strength or magnitude of electric field
magnitude of the electric field at – force in Newtons (N)
any given point around a charge – charge in Coulombs (C)
can be determined.
Strength of an Electric Field
1. The positive test charge in the figure shown has a magnitude of and experiences a force. Find the
force per coulomb that the test charge experiences and predict the force that a charge of would
experience if it replaced the test charge.
Source: http://physicsskills.pbworks.com/f/E%2BForces%2Band%2BE
%2BFields.pdf
Electric Field of a Point Charge
If we place a small test charge at the field point P
together with another charge , at a distance r from the
source point, the magnitude is given by Coulomb’s Law:
¿
𝑭 =𝒌 𝑬 ¿ 𝒒 𝒒 𝟎∨ 𝟐 ¿
𝒓 ¿
𝑬 =𝒌 𝑬 ¿ 𝒒∨ 𝟐 ¿
Divide both sides of the equation by .
𝒓
𝑭
=¿ ¿
𝒒𝟎
¿
𝑬 =𝒌 𝑬 ¿ 𝒒∨ 𝟐 ¿
The magnitude of the electric field strength of a point charge is:
𝒓
DIRECTION:
If q is positive, the force For the positive source If q is negative, the For the negative source
on the test charge is charge, the electric field force on the test charge charge, the electric field
directed away from q. at P points radially is directed towards q. at P points radially
outward from q. inward from q.
1. What is the magnitude of the electric field at a point 2.0 m from a point
charge q = 4.0 nC?
¿
𝑬 =𝒌 𝑬 ¿ 𝒒∨ 𝟐 ¿
𝒓
Recall:
2. What is the magnitude of a point charge in nC that would create an electric
field of 5 N/C at points 150 cm away?
¿
𝑬 =𝒌 𝑬 ¿ 𝒒∨ 𝟐 ¿
𝒓
Electric Field of Point Charges
If many charges are present in a
given region, each charge
contributes to the electric field at
a known point.
The net electric field is the vector

sum of all the fields of the
charges that is:
⃑ ⃑ ⃑ ⃑
𝑬 𝑻 = 𝑬 𝟏 + 𝑬 𝟐 +…+ 𝑬 𝒏
Electric Field of Point Charges
1. Two charges of -5.00 nC and -3.00 nC are 1.5 m apart. Compute for the electric
field halfway between them.
𝐸1 𝐸2
1.5 m

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GED0083

M3. ELECTRIC CHARGES

By the end of the discussion, students should be able to:

THALES CONSIDERED THE

MILETUS Thales of Miletus and the ancient

During this time, Franklin and scientists already knew

The Leyden Jar was invented in

After his several demonstrations,

Solar Radiation Burning/Fi Ignition

An atom has no overall

Solar Radiation Burning/Fi Ignition

Solar Radiation Burning/Fi Ignition

Neutron is a subatomic particle

e.g. Potassium (K) has 19

e.g. Potassium (K) has 19

e.g. Potassium (K) has:

Solar Radiation Burning/Fi Ignition

An ion has a net electrical charge due to loss or gain

 Negative electrical charge

 Positive electrical charge

 Like charges repel

 Opposite charges attract

UOM of electrical charge:

Solar Radiation Burning/Fire Ignition

UOM of electrical charge:

Where n is the Loss of electrons can

QUANTIZATION MASS CONSERVATION

QUANTIZATION MASS CONSERVATION INVARIANCE

Solar Radiation Burning/Fi Ignition

Solar Radiation Burning/Fi Ignition

Images source: Encyclopedia Britannica, Tenor GIF, Flipping Physics

UOM of electrical charge:

Test Charge (q) is a point charge that is used for interaction

Source: McGill Physics

Source: Encyclopedia Britannica

The total charge is simply the

The Inverse-Square Law

(Universal Gravitational Constant)

a. – charges in Coulombs (C)

M4. ELECTRIC FIELD &

By the end of the discussion, students should be able to:

The particles can create an

This somehow modifies the

An electric field line is an imaginary line or curve drawn through a region

Two equal positive charges Two equal negative charges

Field lines do not cross because it

Two equal positive charges Two equal negative charges

However, we only draw the

The hair strands standing up

The net electric field is the vector

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Physics 2 - M3&4 Charges & Electric Field (COMPLETE)

Physics 2 - M3&4 Charges & Electric Field (COMPLETE)