Structural system and codes of tall Crowning

Crowning

Rooftop
buildings Sky Lobby
Observatory

Components of tall buildings: Refuse Floor

Sky Lobby
Refuse Floor

• Core Hard Floor Mechanical

Floor
• Sky lobby
• Hard floor Core
• Refuge floor
• Mechanical floor Sky lobby
• Rooftop observatory and crowning Hard Floor
& Refuse Floor
Mechanical
Floor
• Building services systems(structural, plumbing,
electrical, mechanical and firefighting system )

Hard Floor Mechanical

& Refuse Floor Floor
Building
Services
TALL BUILDING SECTION CMA Tower, Riyadh
CORE PLACEMENT OF CORE

Central core split core

End core

Atrium core

Four generic types of Core based

on the placement :
- Central core
- Split core
- End core
- Atrium core
 Lift/ elevators
Express lift
Local lift
Service lift

Taipei-travels at speed of 16, m/s

Burj Khalifa- travels at speed of
10 m/s

The typical capacity of an elevator

is between 2100 lbs. to 5000 lbs.
Sky lobby
A sky lobby is an intermediate
interchange floor in a skyscraper where
people can change from an express
elevator to a local elevator

Stops only at the sky lobby

Hard floor
Refuge floor
a place in a building designed to hold occupants
during a fire or other emergency when
evacuation may not be safe or possible.

 high-rise building or a skyscraper must have a

dedicated refuge area at every seventh floor of
the building. The first refuge area should be
after the first 24 m (in height) and after that,
every seventh floor.
Refuge floor
Mechanical floor
A story of a high-rise building that is
dedicated to mechanical and
electronics equipment.
Rooftop observatory
An observation deck, observation platform, or
viewing platform is an elevated sightseeing
platform usually situated upon a tall
architectural structure,
 Building Code
Non-Restricted FAR
MANDATORY OPEN SPACE

Mandatory open
space(50 %)

MGC(50%)

Mandatory / soak
able Green space
(25%)

Paved (25%)
 FIRE FIGHTING
Fire fighting consists of removing one or more of the three elements essential to combustion—fuel, heat, and oxygen—or of interrupting the combustion chain reaction.

Sources of fire hazards can be classified based on the triangle of fire, namely
from materials, oxidants and heat energy . Causes of Fire in High-Rise Buildings

1. Fire Ignition
1 Hazards of Materials 2. Faulty Electricity
2 Sources of Oxidants 3. Smoking
3 Sources of Heat Energy 4. Arson
5. Cooking

• Maximum walking distance should not more than 23 m.

There are two types of fire control : • Height of the corridor is minimum 2.4 m.
• The size of Corridor according to number of users:
1.Passive Control
2.Active Control
User Width
50 or less than 50 0.9 m
More than 50 1.1 m
More than 150 1.8 m
 1.Passive Control Corridor:
User should find exits
Means of Escape at every end of the
Means of Escape is a safe route of vertical and horizontal travel corridor. Closed
for people to escape in case of fire to a place of safety corridor should not
more than 10 m.

The path of travel:

Fire Stair
Exit Access:: Travel path of escape travel to an exterior exit .A
corridor is an exit access.
Exit: The path between the exit access and the exit discharge.

Exit Discharge: path between the termination of an exit and the

safety place.

Exit access

Exit Doors -doors providing access to streets (these doors

need not have a fire rating) and
doors to stairs and exit passageways (3/4 hr fire rating).

USER NUMBER OF FIRE EXIT

Exit door:
50/less than 50 1
• There should be one exit door for every 50 persons.
• Fire rating of the exit door should be minimum ½ h. 500 2
• Minimum width of the door is 1 m & height is 2 m.
1000 3
Exit discharge • The exit door should be side swinging.
• The door should be of outer direction if the user number is more than 50. More than 1000 4
 Active Control
Fire Extinguishing System :
The commonly adopted fire extinguishing systems are described below:
1.Fire Detection / Fire alarm System :
Fire alarm System can be either manual or automatic.

2.Fire extinguishing systems

It is obligatory to make provision of fire detection and/or fire extinguishing
systems. These systems are described below –

Fire Detection / Fire alarm System have many types.Like-

• Manual Fire alarm System

• Automatic alarm System
• Heat detector
• Smoke detector
• Ionization detector
• Optical detector
Fire Hydrants:
This consists in providing a l50mm diameter ring main
outside in the ground around the periphery of the
Manual Fire alarm System
building.

The ring main is fed from an underground water tank and Heat detector
it is ensured that the 2 water pressure Available at each
fire hydrant is of the order of 3.5kg/cm .

Automatic alarm System Smoke detector

Ionization detector
a) Manual Fire Extinguishing System :
Portable fire extinguisher can be of carbon dioxide type, large
foam generation type and so on. Depending upon the capacity,
the discharge from a fire extinguisher may last 20 to 120
seconds. Sometimes buckets full of water and dry sand are also
installed.
Automated Fire Extinguishing System :
Sprinkler system
A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting
of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a
water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are
connected
 High-rise Structure

Interior Structure Exterior structure

Exterior structure
Interior Structure
A system where major part of laeral load resisting
A system where major part of lateral load resisting
system is located at the building perimeter.
system is located within the interior of building.

Interior and Exterior structure can work together.

RIGID FRAME
Outtrigers Structure
Framed Tube Structure

Water tower Place Chicago.

Braced Tube Structure

John Hancock Center, Chicago

Bundle Tube Structure

John Hancock Center, Chicago

Tube in Tube Structure

181 West Madison Street, Chicago

Diagrid Structure

Swiss Re Tower, London

Space Truss Structure

Bank of China, Hongkong

Super Frame Structure

Chicago World Trade Center

Exoskeleton Structure

Morpheus Hotel Burj Al Arab, Dubai