Ch 12 Halogens

Cl 9 Chem
PG 130-135
 pg 130-131
SLO
KNOW HOW TO REPRESENT A
Know the colours, physical states (at room

Lesson 9
METALLIC LATTICE BY A 2D
temperature) and trends in physical the properties
DIAGRAM
of the halogens
UNDERSTAND METALLIC
BONDING IN TERMS OF
ELECTROSTATIC
ATTRACTIONS
What does the group number say about an element?
 Halogens
The term ‘halogens’ refers to group 7 elements, which have 7 valence
electrons

They are non-metals with diatomic molecules (F2, Cl2, Br2, etc)

Since they belong to same group, they have similar chemical

properties

Their physical properties show a gradual change down the group

 Physical properties: M.P., B.P.
Since halogens have simple molecular structure which is held together by weak Van Der
Waal’s forces of attraction, they have relatively low melting and boiling points
 Physical properties: M.P., B.P.
As we go down the group, the melting and
boiling points increase

This is due to the increase in the strength of

the Van Der Waal’s forces of attraction as a
result of the increase in the number of
electrons in each atom down the group
 Physical properties: Appearance
The colour of halogens
progressively gets darker down the
group
 Physical properties: Appearance
Fluorine and chlorine are gases at room temperature

Bromine is a liquid and iodine is a solid

However, both bromine and iodine are volatile, meaning they are easily vapourised
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_9FqcUGlz0
 Physical properties: Miscellanious
Since the halogens are non-metals, they are poor conductors of heat and electricity

Astatine is radioactive and is formed during the radioactive decay of other elements
such as uranium and thorium

Most of its isotopes are extremely unstable and short lived, lasting only seconds or
fractions of a second
 Safety
All halogens have extremely toxic vapours and must
therefor be handled only within a fume cupboard

The toxicity generally decreases down the group

Astatine is highly dangerous due to its radioactivity and

should thus only be handled with appropriate
precautions

Chlorine gas was used as chemical weapon in WWI

Practice questions
Practice questions
a) b) fluorine has an E.C. of 2,7. As it has 7
valence electrons, it is placed in Group 7
Practice questions
Practice questions
d) Flourine has a lower RAM and atomic number. As such, the intermolecular
forces of attractions holding the molecules of fluorine together are weaker than
those in chlorine. So, less energy is needed to overcome them. This this is why
fluorine has a lower melting point than chlorine
 pg 131-132
SLO
KNOW HOW TO REPRESENT A
Understand the effect of the valence electrons on

Lesson 10
METALLIC LATTICE BY A 2D
the chemical properties of the halogens
DIAGRAM
Understand
UNDERSTAND how the reactivity
METALLIC of the halogens
varies
BONDINGusing displacement
IN TERMS reactions
OF
ELECTROSTATIC
ATTRACTIONS
 Chemical properties
As we have discussed in a previous chapter, metals and non-metals react together to form ionic
compounds

The metal atom transfers its valence electron/s to the non-metal atom

This results in the formation of a metal cation and a non-metal anion

The oppositely charged ions are held together by very strong electrostatic forces of attraction
called an ionic bond
 Chemical properties
Since the halogens have seven valence electrons, they react with metals by accepting one
electron

This results in the formation of a halide (X-) anion

The halide ions then form salts (ionic compounds) with the metal cation that gave them the e -

This is why the halogens are named as such. Halogen means ‘salt forming’
How is sodium chloride formed?
 Chemical properties
Salt formation, reaction with reactive metal such as sodium

2Na+Cl2→2NaCl

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Amo5AWdfmg
 Chemical properties
Halogens can also for covalent compounds with other non-metals

Some good examples are the hydrogen halides (HX) : H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl

These are all acidic, poisonous gases

They dissolve in water to form acidic solutions :

 Chemical properties: reactivity
The reactivity of an element is a measure of how likely an element is to react, and if it does so,
how fast and how violently it reacts

The more reactive an element, the more likely it is to react, and its reactions will be faster and
more vigorous

The halogens become less reactive down the group

In fact, fluorine is the most reactive non-metal

 Chemical properties: reactivity
How can you compare the reactivities of two halogens?

Carry out a displacement reaction

In a displacement reaction, a more reactive halogen is able to ‘displace’ a less reactive halogen
from its compound: 2NaBr + F2 → 2NaF + Br2
Here, the more reactive F has replaced the less reactive Br from its compound sodium bromide
to form the new compound sodium fluoride and free bromine
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBhMWpyO7Ts
Chemical properties: reactivity
Chemical properties: reactivity
 Chemical properties: reactivity
Only a more reactive element can displace a less reactive element
A less reactive element cannot displace a more reactive element
What happens when chlorine water is added to
potassium bromide and potassium iodide?
 Assignment
Go to Google Classroom and complete the assignment for today

You have 10 minutes

 Assignment
Which of the following shows the correct order of reactivity?

F>Cl>Br>I

What happens when chlorine solution is added to colourless potassium

bromide solution?

the solution becomes orange as bromine is formed

 Assignment
Which of the following experiments will show a reaction?

fluorine + potassium chloride solution

The hydrogen halides are all alkaline, poisonous gases

False
 Assignment
How do halogens react to form halide salts?

Halogens have 7 valence electrons and need one more to attain a

noble gas electronic conformation. So, they gain one electron from
a metal, forming a metal cation and halide anion. These ions then
form an ionic compound called a halide salt
 pg 133, 135
SLO
KNOW HOW TO REPRESENT A
Know how to write ionic equations for displacement

Lesson 11
METALLIC LATTICE BY A 2D
reactions
DIAGRAM
Know the meanings ofMETALLIC
UNDERSTAND the terms oxidation,
reduction,
BONDING and redox
IN TERMS OF
ELECTROSTATIC
Understand
ATTRACTIONShow to predict the properties of
astatine
What are ions?
 Ionic equations
The displacement reactions we discussed in the last class involved ionic compounds, and thus
ions

In a displacement reaction, a less reactive halide ion is converted to the neutral halogen by a
more reactive halogen, which in turn becomes a halide

This interplay of ions can be represented in an ionic equation

 Ionic equations
Notice the potassium ions that are highlighted in this equation

They remain the same either side of the equation

They are said to be spectator ions, and are excluded from the full ionic equation
 Redox
If we break down the ionic equation, we see that there are two processes taking place
simultaneously:
Redox
The bromide ion is losing an electron to form a bromine atom

The bromide has thus been oxidised

The chlorine atom gains an electron to become a chloride ion

Thus the chlorine atom has been reduced

Redox
The loss of electrons is called oxidation

The gain of electrons is called reduction

A reaction where both processes take place

simultaneously is called a redox reaction
 Oxidising and Reducing Agents
A chemical that oxidises another and gets reduced itself is called an oxidizing agent

A chemical that reduces another and gets oxidised itself is called a reducing agent

In the reaction between chlorine atoms and bromide ions, since the chlorine atom is oxidising
the bromide ion by taking an electron (thereby getting reduced itself), it is an oxidizing agent

In the reaction between chlorine atoms and bromide ions, since the bromide ion is reducing the
chlorine atom by giving it an electron (thereby getting oxidised itself), it is a reducing agent
Summary of properties
Predicting the properties of astatine
Practice questions
 Practice questions

a)
 Practice questions

◦
Practice questions
b) I would expect it to be a solid. This is because the M.P. and B.P. of the
halogens increases down the group, and the halogen just above astatine, i.e.
iodine, is itself a solid at room temperature
Practice questions
 Practice questions

◦ c) I would expect it to be less reactive than iodine. This is because the reactivity of the
aahalogens decreases down the group. As astatine is below iodine in group 7, it should be less
aareactive
Practice questions
 Practice questions

◦ d) 1-3. HAt is a hydrogen halide. These compounds are acidic.

◦ e) It should be a white solid which dissolves in water. This is because caesium astatide is a
aagroup I metal halide, all of which have these properties
 pg 134
SLO
KNOW HOW TO REPRESENT A
Understand why the reactivity of the halogens

Lesson 12
METALLIC LATTICE BY A 2D
decreases down the group
DIAGRAM
UNDERSTAND METALLIC
BONDING IN TERMS OF
ELECTROSTATIC
ATTRACTIONS
How does the reactivity of halogens change down the
group?
 The difference in reactivity
An element is more reactive if it is more likely to react

Since non-metals react by gaining electrons to form anions, the easier it is for a non-metal to
gain valence electron/s, the more it is

As we have just discussed, the reactivity of the halogens decreases down the group

This is due to the increase in the size of the atom down the group
 The difference in reactivity
Halogens must attract electrons from metals in order to react

This attraction is from the positively charged protons in the nucleus

As the size of the atom increases down the group, the distance between the nucleus and the last
shell also increases

This reduces the force of attraction of the positively charged nucleus for external negatively
charged electrons
 The difference in reactivity
This means that, as we go down group 7, the halogens become progressively less effective at
attracting electrons from metals

Thus, they become less reactive

 MCW
Go to Google Classroom and complete the MCW for today

You have 15 minutes

Homework

Go to GC and solve Q3 from pg 136 of the textbook