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Dynamics - Chapter 12 (Beer7)
Dynamics - Chapter 12 (Beer7)
Dynamics - Chapter 12 (Beer7)
1 DYNAMICS
2
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr. Kinetics of Particles:
Newton’s Second Law
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
Contents
Introduction Angular Momentum of a Particle
Newton’s Second Law of Motion Equations of Motion in Radial & Transverse
Linear Momentum of a Particle Conservation of Angular Momentum
Systems of Units Newton’s Law of Gravitation
Equations of Motion Sample Problem 12.7
Dynamic Equilibrium Sample Problem 12.8
Sample Problem 12.1 Trajectory of a Particle Under a Central Forc
Sample Problem 12.3 Application to Space Mechanics
Sample Problem 12.4 Sample Problem 12.9
Sample Problem 12.5 Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
Sample Problem 12.6
Introduction
• Newton’s first and third laws are sufficient for the study of bodies at
rest (statics) or bodies in motion with no acceleration.
Systems of Units
• Of the units for the four primary dimensions (force,
mass, length, and time), three may be chosen arbitrarily.
The fourth must be compatible with Newton’s 2nd Law.
Equations of Motion
• Newton’s second law provides
∑ F = m a
• Solution for particle motion is facilitated by resolving
vector equation into scalar component equations, e.g.,
for rectangular components,
(
) (
)
∑ Fx i + Fy j + Fz k = m a x i + a y j + a z k
∑ Fx = ma x ∑ Fy = ma y ∑ Fz = ma z
∑ Fx = mx ∑ Fy = my ∑ Fz = mz
• For tangential and normal components,
∑ F t = mat ∑ F n = man
dv v2
∑ t
F = m ∑Fn = m
dt ρ
Dynamic Equilibrium
• Alternate expression of Newton’s second law,
∑ F − m a =0
− ma ≡ inertial vector
• With the inclusion of the inertial vector, the system
of forces acting on the particle is equivalent to
zero. The particle is in dynamic equilibrium.
• Methods developed for particles in static
equilibrium may be applied, e.g., coplanar forces
may be represented with a closed vector polygon.
• Inertia vectors are often called inertial forces as
they measure the resistance that particles offer to
changes in motion, i.e., changes in speed or
direction.
• Inertial forces may be conceptually useful but are
not like the contact and gravitational forces found
in statics.
© 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 8
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Edition
Seventh
y T1 = (100 kg ) a A
T2 = 2940 N - ( 300 kg ) a B
(
= 2940 N - ( 300 kg ) 12 a A )
T2 − 2T1 = 0
2940 N − (150 kg ) a A − 2(100 kg ) a A = 0
a A = 8.40 m s 2
a B = 12 a A = 4.20 m s 2
T1 = (100 kg ) a A = 840 N
T2 = 2T1 = 1680 N
© 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 13
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Edition
Seventh
x
∑ Fx = mB a x = mB ( a A cos 30° − a B A ) :
− WB sin 30° = ( WB g ) ( a A cos 30° − a B A )
aB A = a A cos 30° + g sin 30°
∑ Fy = mB a y = mB ( − a A sin 30°) :
N1 − WB cos 30° = −( WB g ) a A sin 30°
© 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 15
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Edition
Seventh
aA =
(9.81 m/s ) cos 30°
2
v = 19.6 m s = 70.6 km hr
© 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 20
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Edition
Seventh
H O = mr 2θ
r ∑ Fθ =
d
dt
(
mr 2θ )
(
= m r 2θ + 2rrθ )
∑ Fθ = m( rθ + 2rθ )
or H O = mr 2θ = constant
HO angular momentum
= r 2θ = h =
m unit mass
© 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 23
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Edition
Seventh
dA 1 2 dθ 1 2
• Define = 2r = 2 r θ = areal velocity
dt dt
R s2
where a = 12 ( r0 + r1 )
b = r0 r1
= 398 × 1012 m3 s 2
τ=
( )(
2π ab 2π 36.8 × 106 m 21.4 × 106 m
=
)
h 70.4 × 109 m 2 s