Human gas exchange

Alveoli ( Air sacs)

 Each cell gets its energy through respiration
The mitochondria carry out a chemical reaction called aerobic respiration.

Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide+ water

mitochondria
What is blood?

Your blood is made up of liquid and solids.

The liquid part, called plasma, is made of
water, salts, and protein. Over half of your
blood is plasma.
The solid part of your blood contains red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Blood has many different functions, including:
transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs
and tissues.
forming blood clots to prevent excess blood
loss.
Plasma
Plasma is the liquid portion of blood.
About 55% of our blood is plasma
Plasma is made of water, salts, and
protein.
The main role of plasma:
Take nutrients, hormones, and
proteins to the parts of the body that
need it.
Cells also put their waste products
into the plasma. The plasma then
helps remove this waste from the
body.
Blood plasma also carries all parts of
the blood through your circulatory
system.
Red blood cells

Red blood cells carry oxygen

from our lungs to the rest of
our bodies.
Then they make the return
trip, taking carbon dioxide
back to our lungs to be
exhaled.
White blood cells
White blood cells are
part of the body's
immune system.
They help the body
fight infection and
other diseases.
Phagocytosis-
white blood cell surrounds
and destroys foreign
substances (such as
bacteria) and removes dead
cells.
Platelets

Platelets are small, cell fragments

in our blood that form clots and
stop or prevent bleeding.

 Platelets are your body’s natural

bandage to stop bleeding.
Joints/Muscles
Photosyntesis
Plants make food by photosynthesis."Photo" means "light".
"Synthesis" means "making“.

Chloroplast, found in plant cells, are responsible for photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis uses energy from the sun, water, and Carbon Dioxide
to make food, in the form of a sugar called glucose. The process also
makes oxygen that animals, including humans, and other organisms
can use to breath.
 Releasing energy from glucose

• Glusose is an energy store.

Before your cells can use the energy,
it has to be realeased from the glucose.
This is done by mitochondria that are found inside cells.

• The mitochondria carry out a chemical reaction called aerobic respiration.

Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide+ water

Vitamins and Minerals
Invasive species
Greenhouse effect
Renewable energy
Non-renewable energy
Asteroids
Structure of atom
 Elements

Every material –and everything in

the Universe –is made from one or
more elements.
An element is made of one kind of
atom.
An element is a substance that
cannot be split into anything
simpler.
There are 2 types of elements:
Metals
Non-metals
Atoms, molecules and compounds
Compounds
 Reactions of metals with water

Metal + Water= Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen

What is a Chemical reaction
 Hydroxide compounds
A hydroxide is a compound of metal and OH group.
Examples
Sodium hydroxide NaOH
Calcium hydroxide (OH)2
Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2
Chemical reaction
Chemical reaction
Endothermic and Exothermic
reactions
 Oxide compounds
An oxide is a compound of oxygen
and another element.
 Acids compounds
Acids are substances that taste sour and
are corrosive in nature.
It turns blue litmus paper to red. All acids contain hydrogen.
Examples
Hydrochloric acid HCl
Nitric acid HNO3
Sulfuric acid H2SO4
Carbonic acid H2CO3
Reactions of acids
 Salt compounds
A salt is a metal with a chloride, nitrate or chloride attached.
Salts are chemical compounds made by the reaction between
acids and bases.
 Remember!
• All Hydroxides end in OH
• All Chlorides end in Cl
• All Nitrates end in NO3
• All Carbonates end in CO3
• All Sulfates end in SO4
 What is chromotography?
• Chromotography - is a way to
separate the mixture of
different chemical substances.
• Chromotography works if all
the substances in the mixture
dissolves in one solvent.

• Different substances according

to their size move at different
speeds, so they separate.
Leaf chromatography
How do we calculate speed
 Distance
What time graphs
is average speed?
Distance Time graphs
Distance Time graphs
Graphs help us interpret what has
actually happened
Time always runs horizontally (the x-
axis).
The arrow shows the direction of
time. The further to the right, the
longer time from the start.

Distance runs vertically (the y-axis).

The higher up the graph we go, the
further we are from the start.
 Levers
We can use levers to move objects
that are to heavy to lift on their own.

A lever is a bar that can turn when

you exert a force on the end.

The force that you exert on the bar is

called the effort.

The weight of the object that you lift

is called the load.

The effort produces a turning effect

and the bar rotates about a pivot ( or
fulcurum).
Calculating moments
Additives colours of blue, yellow
and red