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Number System
Number System
Number System
ON
NUMBER SYSTEM
Submitted by: -
Mrs. Kamayni
Math Mistress
NATURAL NUMBERS
The simplest numbers are the natural numbers,
1, 2, 3, .... The natural numbers are also called
the whole numbers, positive integers, or positive
rational integers. The natural numbers are closed
with respect to addition and multiplication—that
is, the sum and product of two natural numbers
are always natural numbers.
RATIONAL NUMBERS
92
47
45
Complete the subtraction by taking 4 away from 8 in the tens
column, which gives 4. The answer, or difference, is 45
3. Multiplying Positive Integers
•
Multiplication is simply repeated addition and is often
indicated by the times sign (×). The expression 3 × 4
means that 3 is to be added to itself 4 times or, similarly,
that 4 is to be added to itself 3 times. In either case, the
answer is the same: 12. For example, 3 sets of 4 apples
together contain a total of 12 apples. When large
numbers are involved, however, such repeated addition
is tedious. Multiplication provides a procedure for
simplifying repeated addition. Sometimes a dot or an
asterisk is used instead of a times sign to indicate the
multiplication of two or more numbers, and sometimes
parentheses are used. For example, 3 × 4, 3 · 4, 3 * 4,
and (3)(4) all indicate 3 times 4. The end result of
multiplication is called the product.
.
To multiply two numbers if the number with the most
digits is placed on the top:
386
x4
24(4x6 in unit place)
320(4x8 in the tens place,or 4x80)
1200(4x3 in hundreds place or 4x300)
1544
We then multiply each digit of the top number by the
bottom number, in this case, 4. Adding the results of all
these multiplications together gives the product 1,544
.
Carrying tens and hundreds, as in addition, shortens this
operation:
2
386
4
4
Multiply the 6 by 4, giving 24. Write the 4 in the units
place of the product and carry the 2, which stands for 2
tens, or 20. Multiply the 8 in the tens place by 4, giving
32, then add the carried 2, giving 34. (We actually
multiplied 80 by 4, giving 320, and carried 20, which we
then added to 320.) Write the 4 in the tens place just to
the left of the 4 in the units place, and carry the 3 (which
stands for 3 hundreds), placing it over the hundreds
column.
To finish, multiply the 3 in the hundreds place by 4,
giving 12 (actually 1,200), and add the 3 that we carried,
giving 15 (actually 1,500)
3 2
386
4
1544
36
x 52
72 (partial product)
Next multiply the 6 by 5, giving 30, and put the 0 under
the number 7 in the tens place of the partial product.
This placement is chosen because the 5 in the bottom
number is in the tens place and actually represents 50.
Carry the number 3 as usual.
Multiply the 3 in the tens place of the top number by 5,
giving 15, and add the carried 3, giving 18 (really 5 times
30, plus 30, for a total of 180). Now write the 8 in the
hundreds place (directly to the left of the 0 in the tens
place), and carry the 1 into the thousands place. We
obtain the total product by adding the two partial
products:
3
36
x 52
72 (partial product)
+180 (partial product)
1872 (total product)
4. Dividing Positive Integers
The arithmetic operation of division is the opposite, or
inverse, of multiplication. Using the example of 12
divided by 4, we may indicate division by the division
sign (12 ÷ 4), a bar (Ž), a slash (12/4), or the notation p.
Division determines how many times one number is
contained in another number. For example, 4 is
contained 3 times in 12; thus, 12 apples could be divided
into 3 sets of 4 apples, so 12 divided by 4 is 3. The
number to be divided is called the dividend, the number
the dividend is divided by is called the divisor, and the
end result of division is called the quotient:
4)12 (3
6 ) 4518 (
-42
31
The 6 in the divisor will go into 31 no more than 5 times
(6 × 5 = 30). Write the 5 in the quotient to the right of the
6, above the 1 in the dividend. Place the product of 5 ×
6, or 30, under the 31 and subtract, yielding 1. Bring the
8 from the dividend down and write it to the right of the 1
to give 18. The 6 in the divisor will go into 18 exactly 3
times, so write the number 3 in the quotient above the 8
in the dividend
6 ) 4518 ( 753
-42
31
- 30
18
-18
0
The answer to how many times 6 will divide 4,518 is
therefore 753. We can verify this solution by multiplying
6 × 753, which yields the dividend 4,518.