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Steeringv
Steeringv
Steeringv
Steering System
Steering Gear
• The T.S. Patriot State's steering system is provided to control the
rudder in response to helm commands from the bridge. The system
consists of the following subsystems. Steering commands are given
to the dual-control gyro pilot steering stand located on the ship's
bridge. In the steering engine room the commands are received by
two linear hydraulic power units and compensated hydraulic pumps
and transmitted to two Hele Shaw radial piston pumps. The radial
piston pumps direct pressurized hydraulic oil to four hydraulic rams
which moves the rudder. Precise control of the rudder position is
accomplished by means of a differential gear train and follow-up
mechanism. A emergency hand pump is supplied for use in the
event of failure of the normal hydraulic system and also for filling
and draining the system, and all hydraulic components of the
system are tied together with high and low pressure piping systems.
• Each of the above mentioned components will be discussed in
detail as follows.
Steering Gears
• The direction of the ship is controlled by the steering gear. As the ship moves through the water,
the angle of the rudder at the stern determines the direction it will move. Modern ships are so big
that moving the rudder necessitates the use of hydraulics or electrical power.
The steering starts at the Bridge. The required rudder angle is transmitted hydraulically or
electrically from the steering wheel at the Bridge to the telemotor at the steering gear, just above
the rudder.
• There are a few common arrangements for using hydraulic power. There are the 4-rams, 2-rams,
and rotary vane types. The heart of these hydraulic systems is the variable delivery pump. This
type of pump can be controlled by just moving a spindle. The pump is driven by an electrical motor
at constant speed. By moving the control spindle away from the central point, the pump stroke
increases, and the hydraulic fluid is pumped in one direction. Moving the spindle more from the
central point will cause more fluid to be pumped and consequently more pressure is generated to
drive the rams. Moving the control spindle back to the original position and then away in the
opposite direction causes the hydraulic fluid to be pumped in the reversed direction. The rams will
also move in the reversed direction.
By using a floating lever feedback mechanism, when the rudder stock has reached the desired
angle, the pump control lever moves back to the original position, and the pumping action stops.
The rudder is stopped at the required angle. Moving the steering wheel to the opposite direction
will cause the rudder to come back to the original zero position.
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Perangkat Kemudi
• Arah kapal dikendalikan oleh perangkat kemudi . Sebagaimana kapal bergerak diair, sudut
kemudi di buritan menentukan arah kapal akan bergerak. Kapal modern begitu besar,
menggerakan kemudi memerlukan penggunaan bantuan hidrolik atau listrik .
Kemudi dimulai di anjungan. Sudut kemudi perlu ditularkan secara hidrolik atau elektrik
dari roda kemudi di anjungan ke telemotor di perangkat kemudi, tepat di atas kemudi.
• Terdapat beberapa pengaturan umum untuk menggunakan tenaga hidrolik . Ada 4 - lengan,
2 - lengan, dan jenis baling-baling putar. Inti dari sistem hidrolik adalah pompa pengiriman
variabel. Jenis pompa dapat dikendalikan dengan hanya menggerakkan spindle. Pompa ini
digerakkan oleh motor listrik dengan kecepatan konstan. Dengan memindahkan poros
kendali jauh dari anjungan, langkah pompa meningkat, dan cairan hidrolik dipompa dalam
satu arah. Memindahkan spindle lagi dari anjungan akan menyebabkan cairan yang
dipompa lebih banyak dan akibatnya dihasilkan tekanan lebih untuk mendorong lengan.
Memindahkan poros kendali kembali ke posisi semula dan kemudian kearah yang
berlawanan menyebabkan cairan hidrolik yang dipompa kearah berlawanan. Lengan akan
bergerak ke arah berlawanan.
Dengan menggunakan mekanisme umpan balik tuas mengambang, ketika poros kemudi
telah mencapai sudut yang diinginkan, tuas kontrol pompa bergerak kembali ke posisi
semula, dan pemompaan berhenti. Kemudi berhenti pada sudut yang diinginkan.
Memindahkan kemudi ke arah yang berlawanan akan menyebabkan kemudi untuk kembali
ke posisi semula, nol.
Transfering System
Steering System
Telemotor System
Steering System
Steering Equipment on Bridge
Steering System
1 explains the principle of an automatic pilot system
Kesalahan dan Koreksi2nya
Rudder (Daun Kemudi)
Steering System
Bridge (Anjungan)
Steering System
Parts Name
1. rudder locking valve, ‘
2. cross-connection valve, 9. 9.crosshead boss with keyway
3. cylinder, (accommodates the rudder
4. stop, stock),
5. ram (free to slide in the neck 10. cut-off linkage,
bushes and hydraulic seals in 11. floating lever (with possibilities
the cylinders), of connection tothe remote
6. crosshead (also called “tiller” control motor and to a local
or “yoke” depending on mechanic control),
designs), 10+11.hunting gear,
7. pin, 12. pump-driving motor,
8. cod piece (pins are integral 13. pump,
with rams and transmit their 14. change-over valve (spool type),
effort to cod-pieces free to 15. hand wheel,
slide between the jaws of the 16. mechanical input,
fork-end tiller), 17. remote control input,
7+8.swivel block, Rapson slide, 18. pump control rod,
Block Skema Steering Equipment
Steering System
Bloch Scheme Steering System
Steering System
Regulation of steering gear
There must be a main and an auxiliary steering gear, each independent of other. The reason
for this is that, if one fails then other can be put on work. While where two identical power
units are provided an auxiliary unit is not necessary. The power and torque capacity must be
such that the rudder can be swung from 35° on one side to 35° to the other side with the ship
at maximum speed. The time to swing from 35° on one side to 30° to the other side must not
exceed 28 seconds. Steering gear must be power operated if rudder stock diameter is greater
than 120 mm. Mostly we hydraulic power for operating the rudder post.
Steering System
But one thing to see here is that power of the auxiliary steering shall be such that rudder can
be swung from 15° on one side to 15° to the other at deepest draught and speed of 7 knots in
60 seconds. Steering gear must be protected from shock loading, short circuit and overload
and audible and visual indicators must be obtainable on bridge, engine control room and the
steering gear room for motor running, alarms and trips.Low level alarm must be there for
hydraulic oil tank. A tanker which carries oil of tonnage 10000 gross ton and more must have
two self-governing steering gear systems where failure of one results in automatic changeover
to the other within 45 seconds, along with alarm for indication. This is necessary from point of
view that, if change does not take place then ship will keep in moving in one direction. The
system must be protected from shock loading .Any of these failures should effect in audible
and visual alarms on the bridge Control, power and transmission system consisted of hydraulic
equipment, all connected with hydraulic tubes. Since ship is very long and the line carrying this
hydraulic is also long, so this system posed a greater risk of steering gear failure due to leakage
of oil or ingress of air into the system. Further developments replaced the hydraulic tele-motor
with electric one and the effort required to turn the vessel became insignificant. Now all
steering gears have electric command signal.
Peraturan Perangkat Kemudi
• Regulation of steering gear
Harus tersedia perangkat kemudi utama dan auxiliary, masing bekerja.
Kegunaannya adalah, jika satu gagal, maka yang lain bisa berkerja. Jika
perangkat utama bekerja, maka perangkat bantu tidak perlu. Kekuatan
perangkat harus sanggup untuk memutar daun kemudi 35° disalah satu sisi
ke 35° didisi lain dalam waktu tidak lebih 28 detik, disaat kapal melaju
Pengemudian Kapal
1. explains the principle of an automatic pilot system. Menerangkan prinsip sistim kemudi otomatis
• Automatic steering, the steering is ran without human assistance
• Kemudi otomatis, adalah kemudi yang dikendalikan tanpa bantuan manusia
• The steering is working based on a sensor that is connected to the gyro repeater
Steering System
• The sensor very sensitive, so less effective when the waves and strong winds.
• Sensor sangat sensitiv, jadi kurang efektif bila ombak dan angin kencang.
• Change too fast, and resulted in the wheel often change and sometimes with large angles,
so will wasteful fuel oil (FO), and the mileage farer, because the ship’s running zigzag.
• Perobahan terlalu cepat, dan mengakibatkan kemudi sering berobah dan kadang dengan sudut yang besar, sehingga akan
memboroskan tenaga mesin (BB), dan jarak tempuh jadi jauh, karena sering kapal berjalan zigzag.
• For large dynamic force and changeable, preferably the wheel is held, it’s not automatic
• Untuk gaya dinamis besar dan sering berubah-ubah, sebaiknya kemudi dipegang, tidak otomatis.
• There's auto pilot connected to electronic position fixing. So that it can correct the
position of the vessel close to her course. And can alter the course at the way point.
• Ada juga kemudi otomatis yang dihubungkan dengan electronic position fixing. Sehingga dapat
mengkoreksi posisi kapal terhadap haluan. Dan juga dapat merubah haluan di way point.
the principle of an automatic pilot system
1. explains the principle of an automatic pilot system. Menerangkan prinsip sistim
kemudi otomatis
• Kemudi otomatis, adalah kemudi yang diken-dalikan tanpa bantuan manusia
Steering System
dan sebaliknya.
• Change over steering from auto to hand held
– The ship’s running on her specific course
– Wheel and rudder amidship.
– The ship’s steady, and is not yawing
– Move the lever from automatic to manual, hand held.
• Change over steering from manual to auto pilot.
– The ship’s steady on her specific course, no yawing.
– Steering midship, rudder midship.
– Move lever from manual to auto.
the procedures for change-over
3. describes the procedures for change-over from
automatic to manual steering and vice versa.
Mendiskripsikan prosedur memindah-kan kemudi otomatis ke manual
Steering System
dan sebaliknya.
• Memindahkan kemudi otomatis ke manual:
– Kapal pada hualan yang ditentukan
– Daun kemudi tengah2 dan stand kemudi tengah2
– Kapal dalam keadaan steady, tidak merewang
– Pindahkan tuas dari otomatis ke manual, siap untuk
dikemudikan manual
• Memindahkn kemudi dari manual ke otomatis
– Kapal steady dihaluan yang ditetapkan, tidak merewang
– Kemudi tengah, daun kemudi tengah2
– Pindahkan tuas dari manual ke otomatis.
an adaptive automatic pilot
4. explains what is meant by an adaptive automatic
pilot and briefly explains how it functions.
Menerangkan apa arti kemudi otomatis adaptiv dan jelaskan
bagamana fungsinya.
recorder log)
• Alat ini akan mencatat haluan setiap saat, termasuk saat
kemudi otomatis dipakai.
• Setiap perubahan haluan akan dapat dianalisa. Dapat
diketahui kinerja dari kemudi otomatis.
• Hasil analisa akan memberi data untuk mengambil
keputusan, apa kemudi otomatis dapat berlanjut atau
dipindah jadi manual.
• Disamping keperluan analisa, pencatatan haluan dapat
juga digunakan sebagai barang bukti.
alarms fitted to the system
7. lists the other alarms fitted to the system. Membuat daftar
alarm yang terhubung pada sistim
• Pada sistim kemudi otomatis, selain off course alarm,
Steering System
terbatas, dan ditempat dimana ada bahaya navigasi mengancam, jika tidak
bias dipindah ke manual dalam 30 detik.
• Jika memasuki daerah tsb diatas, juru mudi jaga harus stand by setiap saat.
• Penggantian dari kemudi otomatis kemanual dan sebaliknya harus dalam
pengawasan perwira jaga.
• Kemudi manual harus dicoba:
– Setelah 24 jam selalu pakai kemudi otomatis.
– Setiap mau memasuki daerah bernafigasi yang perlu perhatian khusus.
• Setiap perwira jaga harus nebgerti tentang kemudi otomatis
• Setiap perwirajaga harus sanggup mengganti kemudi otomatis ke kemudi
manual atau sebaliknya.
Cap 369L - MERCHANT SHIPPING (SAFETY) (AUTOMATIC PILOT AND TESTING OF STEERING GEAR) REGULATIONS
performance, standards for automatic pilots
10. explains in the recommendation on
performance, standards for automatic pilots.
Menerangkan rekomendasi pada kinerja stadard kemudi otomatis.
Steering System
1. General
2. Changing over from auto to manual steering
and vice versa
3. Alarm signaling facilities
4. Controls
5. Rudder angle limitations
6. Permitted yaw
regular checking of the automatic pilot
11. explains the need for regular checking of the
automatic pilot to ensure that it is steering the
correct course. Menerangkan perlunya cek berkala dari kemudi otomatis untuk
Steering System
bahwa kemudi otomatis harus decek secara manual paling kurang sekali dalam setiap jaga
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