THEORIES OF

DEVELOPMENT
 Objectives
● 1: Explore the different development theories
● 2: Discuss the theories of development as per the 10th edition of
Economical Development
● 3: Discuss the theories of development as per the book
Development of the Development Theory.
● 4: Explore the sociocultural, economic, technological, social, and
political developments that have taken place in Japan.
Structural transformation

Human Capital

Rural-Urban Migration

Dualistic Development

Poverty and inequality

 Structural transformation
• Involves shifting resources from traditional, low-productivity sectors to modern,
high-productivity sectors .
Economic Growth

Productivity Gains

Employment Opportunities

Industrialization and Urbanization

Structural Change and Inequality

International Competitiveness
HUMAN CAPITAL
Refers to the knowledge, skills, and health of individuals in a society.

Education Healthcare
 Rural-Urban Migration

Refers to the movement of people from rural areas

to cities in search of better economic opportunities.
 FACTORS

Educational and Skill Opportunities

Access to basic services

Economic factors
 CHALLENGES
Urban overcrowding and slums
Unemployment and underemployment

Strain on public services

Social dislocation
Dualistic development
• Refers to the coexistence of two distinct sectors within an economy:
the modern sector and the traditional sector
The Rising Sun: Japan's Journey Through
Economic, Social, Technological,
Cultural, and Political Development
• Economic Development
• Japan's economic development can be traced back to the post-World War II era
when the country experienced rapid growth. The government implemented
policies that encouraged exports, leading to a surge in manufacturing and
trade. By the 1980s, Japan had become the second-largest economy in the
world, known for its high-tech industries and innovative products.
• However, the 1990s marked a period of economic stagnation, commonly
referred to as the 'Lost Decade.' Despite these challenges, Japan has continued
to innovate and adapt, with its economy showing signs of recovery in recent
years. Today, Japan remains a major player in the global economy, with a focus
on technological advancements and sustainable growth.
• Social Development
• Japan's social development has undergone significant changes over the
years. The country has one of the highest life expectancies in the world
and a low birth rate, leading to an aging population. This demographic
shift has resulted in challenges such as labor shortages and rising
healthcare costs.
• In response, the government has implemented policies to encourage
immigration and increase support for families. Japan's education system
is also highly regarded, with a focus on discipline and hard work. Overall,
Japan's social development continues to evolve as it faces new challenges
and opportunities.
• Technological Development
• Japan's technological development is world-renowned, with
innovations in robotics, electronics, and automotive industries.
Companies such as Sony, Toyota, and Honda have revolutionized their
respective industries, with products that are both cutting-edge and
reliable.
• Japan's commitment to innovation is evident in its investment in
research and development, as well as its focus on sustainability. From
high-speed trains to humanoid robots, Japan's technological
advancements continue to push the boundaries of what is possible.
• Cultural Development
• Japan's cultural development is rich and diverse, with a long history of
art, literature, and traditions. From kabuki theater to haiku poetry,
Japan's cultural contributions have had a significant impact on the
world.
• Today, Japan's pop culture, including anime and manga, has a global
following. However, Japan's traditional arts and crafts continue to
thrive, with a focus on preserving and passing down these traditions
to future generations.
• Political Development
• Japan's political development has been shaped by its unique history
and geography. The country has a parliamentary system with a
constitutional monarchy, and its foreign policies have traditionally
focused on maintaining peaceful relations with other countries.
• However, Japan's relationship with its neighbors, particularly China
and North Korea, has been strained at times. Japan has also faced
challenges such as natural disasters and the ongoing issue of nuclear
power. Despite these challenges, Japan remains a stable democracy
with a strong economy and a commitment to global cooperation.