What is research?

• is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes

collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that lines an
individual’s speculation with reality
 What are the characteristics of research?

• Empirical
• based on direct experience or observation by the researcher
• Logical
• based on valid procedures and principles
• Cyclical
• it starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
• Analytical
• utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive,
and experimental and case study
• Critical
• exhibits careful and precise judgment
• Methodical
• conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method and procedures
• Replicability
• The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable
the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results
 What is ethics?

• refer as norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and

unacceptable behavior
 What are the functions of ethics?

• 1Norms promote the aims of research such as knowledge, truth and evidence
of error.
• 2. Ethical standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative
work such as trust, accountability, mutual respect and fairness.
• 3. Ethical norms ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public.
• 4. Ethical norms in research, is research that helps build public support quality
and integrity of research.
 What are the values essential in collaborative
work?

• trust, accountability, mutual respect and fairness

 What are the possible ethical issues that may
be inherent in qualitative research?

• the kind of information obtained

• researcher’s relationship to the participants
 Enumerate the research process.

• Select a general problem.

• Review the literature of the problem.
• Select a specific research problem, question, or hypothesis.
• Collect data.
• Analyze and present or display data.
• Interpret the findings and state conclusions or generalizations regarding the
problem.