KARUME INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SUBJECT : OIL AND GAS SUPPLY CHAIN

DEPARTMENT : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING WITH OIL ANG GAS
TEACHER : MR. WALID SULEIMAN MUHAMMED
MEMBER : 1. KASSIM MOH’D MZEE
2. KOMBO HAJI ALI
3. MAHIR SAID ALLY
4. MOHAMMED HASSAN KHAMIS
5. OMAR SAID MUSSA
6. SAMIR HAJI ALI
7. ZUHURA HAMAD ALI
 INTRODUCTION
• Distribution Infrastructure in oil and gas are
buildings facilities, installations and equipments
required by energy company to run their
operations
• These infrastructure are categorized in three
stages
• Upstream
• Midstream
• Downstream
 UPSTREAM
• This sector is known as exploration and
production sector and including many
distribution infrastructure in oil and gas
• Exploration and Production Involves
operations in searching for underground or
underwater oil and gas fields and drilling
exploratory wells and at the same time,
operating the wells that recover to re-direct
the crude oil or raw natural gas to the
surface
• In this stage of upstream, the tools like
i. Geophones
ii. gravitometer
iii. magnetometer
are used in the exploration and survey
Also in the upstream stage during production, the
device like Derrick is used

• Derrick : is a lifting device

which mainly used to
support drilling apparatus
in oil rig and It consist of
equipment such as drill bit,
drill pipe, mud motor,
mud pump, Separator, pump
jack etc.
• Pipeline: It installed for transmission of crude oil and
natural gas for further process.
 MIDSTREAM

• Midstream: It involves processing, store and transports crude

oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids.

• Crude oil from storage tank distributed to a fractional distillation

system (tower). Fractional distillation process aimed to refine oil

into different product such as kerosene, bitumen, diesel etc. And

then to distribute them to obtained storage tank

 DOWNSTREAM
Downstream: Includes operations that processes and stores,
markets and transports crude oil, natural gas liquids like
ethane, butane and propane.

Downstream involve the following process.

i. Removal of insoluble :
ii. Product isolation
iii. Product purification
iv. Product polishing :
 The following are among the processes carried out during

downstream
• Product isolation : remove of content/element whose
properties vary considerably from that of desired product
• Removal of insoluble : dealing with removing component
that are not soluble
• Product purification : dealing with separating contaminant
that resemble the product very closely in physical and
chemical properties
• Product polishing : is final processing step which end
with packaging of the product in form that is stable easily
transportable and convenient.
TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE OF OIL ANG GAS IN INDUSTRY

• Petroleum transport is the transportation of petroleum

and derivatives such as gasoline (petrol)
• Petroleum is transported via rail cars, trucks, tanker
vessels, and through pipelines.
• Which method is used to move this oil depends on the
amount that is being moved and its destination.
• The biggest problems with moving this oil are pollution
and the chance of being spilled.
• Petroleum oil is very hard to clean up and is very toxic
to living animals

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 Marine Vessels
• Marine vessels and barges can transport this petroleum all
around the world.
• Because these vessels can carry a lot of fuel, the amount it
costs per barrel to move this oil is very cheap.
• Barges are more like tankers, but smaller and do not have any
method of propulsion to move them. They are often pushed
or towed by tugs.
• This makes barges very ineffective for transporting this oil for
long distances.
• Barges are also not applicable for traveling across rough seas,
so they are used in calmer waters.
• However, these barges are usually used for transporting the
fuel shorter distances
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 Rail cars
• Tank cars are another way to move crude oil across a
landmass.
• The oil is loaded into the tank cars, and are moved by a
diesel train across the rails to the refinery or the train’s
planned destination.
• Trains can carry a massive amount of this oil by using of
multiple tank cars.
• For example, the DOT-111 tank car is a very common
tank car and can hold 34,500 US gallons (820 bbl;
131 m3).
• This transportation system travels oil and gas for longer
distance
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 Truck
• Tank trucks are used more like rail cars , but they are
usually transport refined fuel to a fuel station, like a gas
station.
• Trucks are usually used to carry smaller capacities of oil
short distances.
• Also these trucks often deliver this fuel to gas stations,
or deliver the fuel straight to the consumer.
• They also are used in situations where it would be
illogical to use rail cars, pipelines and tanker ships.
• Common sizes of their tanks range from 400 up to 7,500
US gallons
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 Pipeline

• Pipelines used in the oil and gas industry vary

according to many factors, such as the ‘product’
to be transported, the delivery stage and whether
• it’s part of the upstream, midstream or
downstream sector.
• The followings are brief descriptions of the main
types of pipeline and their overall purpose.
 1.Gathering Pipelines
• Gathering pipelines are used to deliver the oil or gas product
from the source to processing plants or storage tanks.
• Typical products carried by gathering pipelines include;
natural gas, crude oil (or combinations of these 2 products),
natural gas liquids, such as ethane, butane and propane.  
• In a gathering pipeline, raw gas is usually carried at pressures
of approximately 715 psi.
• Lengths in this category are relatively short compared to
other pipelines, it is – approximately 200 meters long and
usually under 18” diameter

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 2. Transmission Pipelines
• Transmission pipelines are used to transport crude oil,
NGLs, natural gas and refined products for long distances
across states, countries and continents.
• They are used to move the product from the production
regions to distribution centers
• Transmission pipelines operate at high pressures, ranging
from 200 up to 1,200 psi
• Typical reasons for the failure of transmission lines include
pipe seam failures, corrosion, material failure and defective
welding
• These large pipes are up to 42” diameter, with most being
more than 10” diameter.

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 3. Distribution Pipelines
• Distribution pipelines are a system made up of
‘mains’ and ‘service’ lines, used by distribution
companies.
• Together they deliver natural gas to the
neighborhoods of homes and businesses.
• Main Pipeline :Distribution pipelines classed as
‘mains’ are the step between high-pressure
transmission lines and low-pressure service lines
• Service Pipeline : Service pipelines connect to a
meter and deliver natural gas to individual
customers
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 Flowlines

• In an actively producing oilfield, flowlines

connect to a single wellhead.
• Their purpose is to move the raw product from
the wellhead to the gathering lines.
• They carry a mixture of oil, gas, water and sand
and are normally no more than 12” diameter in
size.

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 Feeder Pipelines

• Feeder pipelines are used to move the product

from processing facilities and storage tanks to the
long-distance transmission pipelines. 
• The product may be crude oil, natural gas or
natural gas liquids. Feeder lines are typically 6 to
12” diameter.

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 STORAGE TANK
• Storage tanks are used in the oil and gas industry for the bulk
containment of fluids at different stages of the refinery
process.
• Most often, products are stored for a short time before being
transported for further processing.
• The American Petroleum Institute’s API 650 standard
outlines minimum requirements for the design, fabrication,
erection, and inspection of welded storage tanks in the oil
and gas industry.
• In this blog, we’ll look at the two most common types of
tanks used for these applications: fixed roof and floating
roof tanks. 21
 STORAGE TANK

• Fixed Roof Storage Tanks :API 650 prescribes

storage tank design requirements that minimize
the risk of structural failure and potential damage
to the environment.
• The standard does not prescribe tank dimensions
or features that should be included in the design.
These are specified by users to suit their individual
needs and application.

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Some primary features of fixed roof storage tanks include:

• Vapor vent – The vapor vent is an essential feature of a tank

and is often called a breather valve. Without a properly
functioning vapor vent, tanks are subject to damage from the
buildup of pressure when filling. They also are at risk of
imploding from the vacuum created during emptying.
• Relief valve – Relief valves are designed to relieve excess
pressure should it rise above the safe operating limit.
• Inert gas blanket – Inert gas blankets are used to displace
air that may form an explosive or flammable mixture with
vapors from volatile liquids in the tank. Nitrogen is often
used for this purpose.
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Some primary features of fixed roof storage tanks include:

• Drain– Drains are used to remove any water that

separates from the product. They also are used to
empty the tank during cleaning operations.
• Fire protection – Tanks are often fitted with a
ring of nozzles that spray foam into and over the
surface of the tank in the event of a fire.

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 Floating Roof Storage Tanks

• Many tanks are designed with a roof

that floats on top of the liquid.
• The floating roof moves up and down
as the level of liquid in the tank
changes during filling, emptying or
with ambient temperature variation..

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 There are two main types of floating roof storage tanks in
use today.
• • The pontoon roof – Pontoons are closed compartments
that are fitted to the outer edge of a central plate under the
roof, which allow the roof to float on top of the liquid.
• • The double-deck roof – As the name suggests, this
design incorporates two decks of steel plates separated by
compartments covering the entire surface area of the
decks.
• This provides added stability and is advantageous because
the lower deck in closest proximity to the liquid is not
exposed to the sun’s rays, which considerably reduces
vapor losses.
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 THE END

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