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Holophrastic stage – use of single words as skeletal
sentences
Example: Milk! Is often used as the truncated form of ‘ Do
you have milk?’

Holophrastic speech is the bridge which transports the

child from the primitive land of cries, words, and names
across into the brave new world of phrases, clauses and
sentences.
Transformational Generative(TG) Grammar- the most
influential school of linguistics to affect the study of
language over the past four decades.

Father: I think you’ve got your underpants on backwards.

Daughter: Yes. I think so.
Father: You’d better take them off and put them on
frontwards.
Daughter: Is this the rightwards?
Pivots - tend to be used initially or finally, and
other words that can be used to fill in the slot
either after or before
American Sign Language- a popular human
language to teach animals specifically, to
young chimpanzees
Two-words utterances by a human child

It ball see ball get ball there ball want baby

It doll see doll get doll there ball want car

Four word phrase in ASL by a chimp

eat drink eat drink grape eat Nim

banana Nim banana Nim eat Nim eat Nim
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