AVR Microcontroller

What is microcontroller
• On chip memory ,I/O and CPU
• Specific tasks
• Lesser speed of processing
• cheaper
Why do you need a microcontroller ?
The figure illustrates the IC numbers for the TTL
family. To
implement this equation, we need 3 ICs with
about 57 percent utilization
The PLD in Figure 1.2 has about 150 gates,
of which
we have used only about 12, representing a
mere 8 percent utilization

A PLD-based circuit is
also more power-consuming than a
comparable ASIC circuit, which is due to
the redundant
hardware on the PLD chip.
It is as small as the PLD-based circuit, and in terms of power
consumption, is better than a PLD circuit. In terms of speed, the
PLD will perform much
faster than a processor.
It is not that the microprocessor is the solution to all problems.
Sometimes you need to use a PLD in conjunction with a
processor, and sometimes a PLD alone is
required.
Why AVR ?
1.RISC architecture with mostly fixed-length instruction, load-store memory access,
and 32 general-purpose registers.
2. A two-stage instruction pipeline that speeds up execution.
3. Majority of instructions take one clock cycle.
4. Up to 10-MHz clock operation.
5. Wide variety of on-chip peripherals, including digital I/O, ADC, EEPROM, Timer,
UART, RTC timer, pulse width modulator (PWM), etc.
6. Internal program and data memory.
7. In-system programmable.
8. Available in 8-pin to 64-pin package size to suit wide variety of applications.
9. Up to 12 times performance speedup over conventional CISC controllers.
10.Wide operating voltage from 2.7 V to 6.0 V.
11. A simple architecture offers a small learning curve to the uninitiated.
Microcontrollers are fun.

They are the heart and soul of many everyday appliances.

And most of all, microcontrollers are easy to use and to design with, from the point of view

of a designer.
A typical 8 –bit microcontroller
Ⅰ. ARM

• ARM (Advanced  RISC  Machines) is a well-known enterprise in the

microprocessor industry, designing a large number of high-performance, cheap
and low-energy  RISC processors, related technologies, and software.
• ARM is also a single-chip microcomputer. The ARM  architecture is the first
RISC microprocessor designed for low-budget markets. It is basically the
industry standard of 32-bit single-chip microcomputers. It provides a series of the
kernel, system expansion, microprocessor, and system chip solutions. Four
functional modules can be configured and produced by manufacturers according
to the requirements of different users.
• Because all products adopt a universal software system, the same software can
run in all products. At present, ARM  accounts for more than 90 shares in the
handheld device market, which can effectively shorten the application
development and testing time and reduce research and development costs
Ⅱ. DSP

• DSP (digital signal processor) is a unique microprocessor with its own

complete instruction system. It is a device that processes a large
amount of information with digital signals. A digital signal processor
includes control units, computing units, various registers and a certain
number of storage units in a small chip. It can also connect several
memory on its periphery and communicate with a certain number of
external devices. It has comprehensive software and hardware
functions, which itself is a Microcomputer.
• The working principle is to receive analog signals, convert them into 0
or 1, modify, delete and strengthen the digital signals, and interpret
digital data back into analog data or actual environment formats in
other system chips.
• Its strong data processing ability and high running speed are
the two most praiseworthy features. Because of its strong
computing power, fast speed, small size, and high degree of
flexibility in software programming, it provides an effective way
to engage in various complex application
• Of course, compared with the universal microprocessor, other
general functions of the DSP  chip are relatively weak.
Features of DSP
• As a special microprocessor, DSP is mainly used for calculation. The
advantage is the flexibility of software. Suitable for conditional
processes, especially complex multi-algorithm tasks. DSP uses assembly
or high-level language (such as C language) for programming, real-time
implementation of the program. Therefore, the advantage of using DSP
devices is that the software update speed is fast, which greatly improves
the reliability, versatility, replaceability, and flexibility of the system.
• Disadvantages: Restricted by the serial instruction stream; more than a
few MHZ sampling rate, a DSP can only complete very simple
calculations on the data; long development cycle
Ⅲ. FPGA

Structural characteristics of FPGA

There are a large number of logic gates and flip-flops in the chip, most of
which are look-up table structures, and the implementation process is
mostly SRAM. Large scale, high integration, fast processing speed, and
high execution efficiency. It can complete complex sequential logic
design, and the programming is flexible, convenient, and simple, and can
be repeated multiple times. Many FPGAs can be programmed repeatedly
indefinitely. Using reconfiguration can reduce hardware overhead. The
disadvantages are: the original logic configuration is generally lost after a
power failure; timing is difficult to plan; it cannot handle multiple events;
it is not suitable for conditional operation.