FACULTY OF MEDICINE

BMS 1014 ( HUMAN ANATOMY) – AL 2

MICROSCOPE, EPITHELIAL &

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Dr. DEEPA
 EPITHELIAL TISSUE
DEFINITION:
 The thin protective layer of cells covering the body surfaces or
lining the internal surfaces of the body cavities, tubes and
hollow organs

 CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE:

• Cells are closely packed together
• Cells rest on a basement membrane
• Contains no capillaries,
• Nutrition is derived from the nearest capillaries
• Surface cells are destroyed by wear and tear , and are
replaced by new cells produced by mitosis-phenomenon-
turn over

28-Nov-22 2
 FUNCTIONS
 PROTECTION–mechanical abrasion, chemical injury, bacterial
invasion

 ABSORPTION–nutrients and ions

 FILTRATION–allows passage of solutes with certain sizes

 SECRETION-secretion of enzymes, hormones or mucous

secretion

 SENSORY RECEPTION–reception of external stimuli

28-Nov-22 3
  BASEMENT MEMBRANE:
• a thin, delicate membrane of protein fibres and
mucopolysaccharides separating an epithelium
from underlying tissue

education.med.nyu.edu
28-Nov-22 4
 CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM
Structurally and functionally divided into :
 Covering epithelium
• covers the body surfaces or lines the cavities of
the body

 Glandular epithelium
• specialized cells that produce secretion

28-Nov-22 5
  Covering epithelium
 Covers the body surfaces or lines the cavities of the
body
• External surface
o epidermis of the skin

• Internal surface
o body cavities (peritoneal, pericardial and
pleural cavities)
o tracts/tubes (digestive tract, respiratory tract,
blood vessels)

28-Nov-22 6
 CLASSIFICATION OF COVERING EPITHELIA
Epithelial tissue

Simple Compound

Squamous
Stratified Transitional

Columnar
Squamous Columnar Cuboidal
Cuboidal

Pseudostratified
Keratinized Non -keratinized

28-Nov-22 7
 CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM

28-Nov-22 8
 SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
 4 types-
 Simple Squamous
 Simple Columnar
 Simple Cuboidal
 Pseudostratified

28-Nov-22 9
 SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
 Single layer of flattened cells with
disc-shaped nuclei and sparse
cytoplasm

 Locations: kidney glomeruli, air sacs

of lungs, lining of heart, blood
vessels, lining of ventral body cavities

 Functions:
• allows passage of materials by
diffusion and filtration
• secretes lubricating
• substances in body cavities

28-Nov-22 10
 SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
 Single layer of cube-like cells with rounded nuclei
 Locations: kidney tubules, ducts and secretory
portions of small glands, ovary surface
 Functions:
• absorption
• Secretion

28-Nov-22 11
 SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
 Single layer of tall and column-like cells with oval
nuclei
 Locations: intestines, gall bladder, uterine tube
 Functions:
• absorption
• secretion

28-Nov-22 12
 PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
 Appear as if it consists of more than one layer but
only a single layer is present with all cells resting on
the basement membrane.
 Cells are tall and short with nuclei located at different
levels
 Locations: respiratory tract, epididymis, ductus
deferens
 Functions:
• absorption
• secretion

28-Nov-22 13
 Stratified squamous epithelium
 Keratinised- skin

28-Nov-22 14
 Stratified squamous epithelium
 Non- keratinised- vagina

28-Nov-22 15
 Stratified cuboidal epithelium
 Rare
 Locations: ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands
and salivary glands
 Function:
• protection

28-Nov-22 16
 Transitional epithelium
 Special epithelium
 Number of cell layers is changeable according to the state of
the organ
 Surface cells : large and binucleated
 Locations: lined most of the urinary tract such as urinary
bladder
 Function:
• allows distension

28-Nov-22 17
 Glandular epithelium

a. Presence/absence of duct
b. Number of cells
c. Type of secretion
d. Mode of secretion
e. Shape of the gland

28-Nov-22 18
 a. Classification according to presence or absence of
duct :
 Exocrine gland
 Endocrine gland

28-Nov-22 19
 Differences between exocrine And endocrine Glands

Exocrine Gland Endocrine Gland

Eg: Sweat gland, salivary Eg: Pituitary gland,
gland, gastric gland suprarenal gland, thyroid
gland

28-Nov-22 20
 c. Classification according to type of secretions
 Serous gland -watery secretion.e.g. enzymes
(parotid gland)
 Mucous gland -viscous glycoprotein. (anal gland)
 Seromucous gland –mixed. (submandibular
gland)

Parotid gland Anal gland Submandibular gland

28-Nov-22 21
 CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
Is a term used for the structures that serve as the connecting
system.
Help in binding, supporting and strengthening all other body
tissues together.
Also can be described as:
Tissue which fills the interstices between more specialized
elements; and serves to hold them together and support
them.

FUNCTIONS:
Has both structural and defensive role.
Binding & Structural Support
Protection [Defense & Repair]
Transport
Insulation

28-Nov-22 22
 COMPOSITION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Consists of 2 basic components

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

CELLS MATRIX

1. Fibroblasts
2. Macrophages FIBERS GROUND SUBSTANCES
3. Plasma cells
4. Mast cells 1. Collagen fibers 1. Hyaluronic acid
5. Pigment cells 2. Elastic fibers 2. Chondroitin
6. Reticular cells 3. Reticular fibers sulphate
7. Adipocytes (fat cells) 3. Keratin sulphate
4. Dermatin
sulphate

28-Nov-22 23
 SALIENT FEATURES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 A tissue can be considered as a
connective tissue only if it has all
the following three components:
1.Cells
2.Fibers
3.Ground substances

 MATRIX:
• Consists of gel like substances in
which fibers are embedded.
• But in some areas it may be
fluid , semifluid ,gelatinous or
calcified.

28-Nov-22 24
28-Nov-22 25
 SALIENT FEATURES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 Fibers:
• It provides strength and
support to the connective
tissue.
• Different types of fibers may be
found in the matrix they are,
• A. Collagen fibers
• B. Elastic fibers
• C. Reticular fibers

28-Nov-22 26
 COLLAGEN FIBERS
 Are the main fibers of connective
tissue.
 Found in bone , cartilage , tendon and
ligament.
 These fibers are strong ,inelastic but
flexible in nature.
 They mostly occur in bundles which
may branch and anastomose with the
neighboring bundles.
 Made of protein called collagen and
stain pink in H&E stain.
 etc.

28-Nov-22 27
 ELASTIC FIBERS
 Run singly and branch to form network in
loose areolar tissue , but seen in bundles in
ligamentum flavum.

 Consists of protein called elastin,

surrounded by a glycoprotein called
fibroelastin.

 Found in skin ,blood vessels and lung

tissue.

28-Nov-22 28
 RETICULAR FIBERS
Fine delicate strands that form a
supportive network for many
tissues.
Do not run in bundles.
Consists of type III collagen and
have a coating of glycoprotein.

Provide support and strength and

form a supporting framework
around fat cells , nerve fibers and
smooth muscles, spleen lymph
nodes etc.
Also help to form basement
membrane.
28-Nov-22 29
 STRUCTURE AND TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 1. True/Proper Connective Tissue
a. Loose Connective Tissue
b. Dense Connective Tissue
c. Elastic tissue
d. Reticular tissue
 2. Supportive/Special Connective Tissue
a. Cartilage
b. Bone
c. Mucoid Tissue
d. Pigmented Connective Tissue
 3. Liquid Connective Tissue
a. Blood

28-Nov-22 30
28-Nov-22 31
 DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

28-Nov-22 32
28-Nov-22 33
28-Nov-22 34
MESENCHYME (Mesodermal Embryonic Tissue)

28-Nov-22 35
 MICROSCOPE PARTS

28-Nov-22 36
 MICROSCOPE PARTS

28-Nov-22 37
 SIMPLE Vs COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

28-Nov-22 38
 AN IMAGE UNDER A MICROSCOPE

STAINED MICROSCOPE
SLIDES

28-Nov-22 39
 REFERENCES

 Mescher, A.L. 2010. Junqueira’s Basic Histology. New York:

McGraw Hill.
 Young, B. & Heath, J.W. 2002. Wheater’s Functional Histology.
Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone.
 Leslie P. Gartner & James L. Hiatt. 2007. Color textbook of
Histology. Saunders Elsevier.
 Ghallab, A. 2000. Introduction to Functional and Clinical
Histology. Egypt: El-Meleagy Press.

28-Nov-22 40
28-Nov-22 41