C.

ETHICAL
PRINCIPLES
Presented by: Group 1
 1. AUTONOMY
In medical set-up and practice,
autonomy deals with the right of
competent adults to be informed
and make decisions about their
own medical care and attention.
 PROFESSIONAL
NURSE AUTONOMY

Registered Nurses has

the ability to think
critically and take
actions in 'dealing' with
the care that the patients
need.
 PATIENT AUTONOMY

Seek the consent or informed

agreement of the patient before
any assessment or treatment
takes place. It is the right of the
patient to make a decision for
their own medical assistance.
 PATIENTS RIGHT
• Right to accept or refuse any
procedure/medication, investigation or
treatment, and to be informed of the
likely consequences of doing so.
• Right to refuse to take part in medical
research programs.
• Right to appropriate medical care and
humane treatment
• Right to informed consent
• Right to privacy and confidentiality
• Right to information
• The right to choose health care
provider and facility
• Right to self-determination
• Right to religious beliefs
• Right to medical records
• Right to leave
• Right to correspondence and to
receive visitors
• Right to express grievances
• Right to be informed of his rights
and obligations as a patient
• Right of good quality service
FILIPINO
PATIENT'S
BILL OF
RIGHTS
• The patient has
the right to
considerate and
respectful care
irrespective of
socio-economic
status.
 2. The patient has the right
to obtain from his physician
complete current
information concerning his
diagnosis, treatment and
prognosis in terms the
patient can reasonably be
expected to understand.
When it is not medically advisable
to give such information to the
patient, the information should be
made available to an appropriate
person in his behalf. He has the
right to know by name or in
person, the medical team
responsible in coordinating his
care.
 3. The patient has the right to receive
from his physician information
necessary to give informed consent prior
to the start of any procedure and/or
treatment. EXCEPT in emergencies,
such information for informed consent
should include but not necessarily
limited to the specific procedure and or
treatment, the medically significant risks
involved, and the probable duration of
incapacitation.
 When medically significant
alternatives for care or treatment
exist, or when the patient requests
information concerning medical
alternatives, the patient has the right
to such information. The patient has
also the right to know the name of
the person responsible for the
procedure and/or treatment.
4. The patient has the right
to refuse treatment/life –
giving measures, to the
extent permitted by law,
and to be informed of the
medical consequences of
his action
5. The patient has the right to every
consideration of his privacy
concerning his own medical care
program. Case discussion,
consultation, examination and
treatment are confidential and
should be conducted discreetly.
Those not directly involved in his
care must have the permission of
the patient to be present.
 6. The patient has the
right to expect that all
communications and
records pertaining to
his care should be
treated as confidential.
 7. The patient has the right that
within its capacity, a hospital
must make reasonable response
to the request of patient for
services. The hospital must
provide evaluation, service
and/or referral as indicated by the
'urgency of care'.
 When medically permissible a
patient may be transferred to
another facility only after he has
received complete information
concerning the needs and
alternatives to such transfer. The
institution to which the patient is
to be transferred must first have
accepted the patient for transfer.
 8. The patient has the right to
obtain information as to any
relationship of the hospital to other
health care and educational
institutions in so far as 'his care is
concerned'. The patient has the
right to obtain as to the existence
of any professional relationship
among individuals, by name who
are treating him.
9. The patient has the right to
be advised 'if' the hospital
proposes to engage in or
perform human
experimentation affecting his
care or treatment. The patient
has the right to refuse or
participate in such research
project.
10. The patient has the right
to expect reasonable
continuity of care; he has
the right to know in advance
what appointment times the
physicians are available and
where.
 The patient has the right to
expect that the hospital will
provide a mechanism
whereby he is informed by
his physician or a delegate
of the physician of the
patient’s continuing health
care requirements following
discharge.
 11. The patient has
the right to examine
and receive an
explanation of his
bill regardless of
source of payment
 12. The patient has
the right to know
what hospital rules
and regulation apply
to his conduct as a
patient.
INFORMED
CONSENT
 WHAT IS
INFORMED
CONSENT?

WHAT IS
INVOLVED IN
INFORMED
CONSENT?
Legally, this requires that the patient,
or his/her surrogate, is informed of the
risks, benefits, and alternatives to a
treatment. A signature on the consent
form provides legal documentation of
consent.
Ethically, consent is about patient
autonomy, meaning the patient
understands and freely agrees to the
treatment.
Consent may be withdrawn at any
time. Healthcare providers must
accept and support refusal or
withdrawal of consent even if they
disagree with the patient.

The consent process can be affected

by complexity of the treatment,
patient condition and ability to
understand information, and if
treatment is emergent or elective.
 PROXY
Consent/Legality
Acceptable Representati
 PROXY CONSENT
Is the process by which people with the
legal right to consent to medical
treatment for themselves or for a minor
or a ward delegate that right to another
person.
There are three fundamental constraints
on this delegation:
• The person making the
delegation must have the
right to consent.
• The person must be legally
and medically competent to
delegate the right to consent.
• The right to consent must be
delegated to a legally and
medically competent adult.
CONFIDENTIALITY
&
PRIVACY
The confidentiality of Filipino patients is an
essential aspect of their rights and is
protected under the "Filipino Patients' Bill
of Rights" (Republic Act No. 9439), which
was enacted to ensure that individuals'
rights to privacy and dignity are respected
in the context of healthcare services. This
law provides guidelines and safeguards to
protect patients' personal and medical
information from unauthorized disclosure or
use.
2. CONFIDENTIALITY
• Is one of the core duties of medical
practice. It requires health care providers
to keep a patient's personal health
information private unless consent to
release the information is provide by the
patient.

Privacy

• The state or condition of being free from

being observed or disturbed by other
people.
 NOTE:

• Privacy refers to the right of an

individual to keep his or her health
information private.
• Confidentiality refers to the duty of
anyone entrusted with health information
to keep that information private.
 3. VERACITY
• Defined as being honest and telling
the truth and is related to the
principle of autonomy. It is the
basis of the trust relationship
established between a patient and a
health care provider.
• Veracity is what binds the patient
and the clinician as they seek to
establish mutual treatment goals.
 4. FIDELITY
Fidelity in the patient-nurse relationship refers
to commitment to respect, trust, and support
one another during the course of the patient's
medical care. It entails to create a close
relationship with the patient and upholding a
high standard of dependability and trust in
their communications. Here is an illustration of
how loyalty Nurse-Patient relationship might
be demonstrated.

• Fidelity= ("Keeping Promises")

• Respectful Communication
• Emphaty and Emotional
Support
• Consistent Care
• Privacy and Confidentiality
• Advocacy
• Transparency
• Follow-Up and Continuity
 5. JUSTICE
• The fair and equal treatment of patients by
healthcare workers, especially nurses, is
referred to as "justice between a nurse and a
patient." It includes the moral requirement
that all patients receive the proper amount of
respect and care, regardless of their
socioeconomic standing, race, ethnicity,
gender, or any other trait. Justice can be
interpreted in a variety of ways in the nursing
environment, including:
• Fair and Equal Treatment
• Respect for Autonomy and
Informed Consent
• Advocacy to Vulnerable Patient
• Confidentiality and Privacy
• Cultural Sensitivity
• Ensuring Access to Healthcare
• Non-Discriminatory Policies
6. BENEFICENCE
Beneficence can be defined as a core ethical
principle that calls for performing acts that
are beneficial to others, provided that the
acts arise from a place of kindness and
generosity.
"TO DO GOOD"
Characteristics of Beneficence

• Engaging in activities that protect the

rights of people and provide benefits.
• Rescuing people in danger.
• Preventing harm from befalling others.
 Ethical principle of Beneficence

• This principle states that health care

providers must do all they can to benefit the
patient in each situation. All procedures and
treatments recommended must be with the
intention to do the most good for the patient.
To ensure beneficence, medical practitioners
must develop and maintain a high level of
skill and knowledge, make sure that they are
trained in the most current and best medical
practices, and must consider their patients'
individual circumstances; what is good for
one patient will not necessary benefit
another.
7. NON-MALEFICENCE
• In short, it means, "to do no harm."

Non-Maleficence Characteristics

• Refraining from acts that are offensive to

others.
• Avoiding acts that inflict unwanted pain
on others.
• Keeping away from negligent actions,
such as rash or drunk driving that could
cause harm to others or generate fear
among others.
Ethical Principle of Non-Maleficence

• Non-maleficence is probably the best

known of the four principles. This
principle is intended to be the end goal
for all of a practitioner's decisions, and
means that medical providers must
consider whether other people or
society could be harmed by a decision
made, even if it is made for the benefit
of an individual patient.
 D. OTHER
RELEVANT
ETHICAL
PRINCIPLES
 1. Principle of double effect

• One act can embrace two effects - an

intended good effect and an unintended bad
effect.
• Morality of the act is governed by the
intended effect
• Ethically permissible only if:
- act is morally good or at least morally neutral
- only good effect is intended
- good effect is not achieved by way of the bad
effect
- good result outweighs the bad result
 2. The principle of legitimate cooperation

• Portrays more than one person participates in

the actions being evaluated.
• Formal cooperation is one that is identified
with the purpose of an objectively evil act.
• The one who cooperates has a direct intention
for the evil object, direct intention for the evil
object itself.
-Doing the act itself, agreeing with
the act , counseling, advising,
promoting, provoking, condoning
the evil act.
3. Principle of common good and
subsidiarity

COMMON GOOD

• Refers to the things that persist

between and among peers or
colleagues in any place or setting.
 SUBSIDIARITY

• Concerned with the power that is given

the lowest level of authority, that issues
or problems should be taken or handled
at local level as possible 'rather than' by
the highest authority. It guaranteed
independence for the lower authority in
relation to the highest authority.