Water and Wastewater Quality

Interactions in Urban Areas

Prof. Dr. Hüseyin GÖKÇEKUŞ

Prof. Dr. Derin ORHON
 Quality changes
Typical mineral pickup from domestic  water
usage
 Quality changes (cont)

Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of various

waters
 Major parameters

Conventional characterization and COD fractions of domestic

wage
Parameter Unit Value
Conventional parameters    
Total COD, CT mg/L 600
Soluble COD, ST mg/L 180
Total Suspended Solids, TSS mg/L 280
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen, TKN mgN/L 57
Ammonia Nitrogen, NH4-N mgN/L 38
Total Phosphorus, TP mgP/L 6.8
COD fractions    
Readily Biodegradable, SS mg/L 54
Soluble Inert, SI mg/L 30
Particulate Inert, XI mg/L 60
Soluble Hydrolysable, SH mg/L 96
Particulate Hydrolysable, XS mg/L 360
     
Major parameters (cont)
 Effluent regulations
European Regulation- COUNCIL DIRECTIVE of 21 May 1991
concerning urban waste water treatment
 Effluent regulations (cont)
European Regulation- COUNCIL DIRECTIVE of 21 May 1991
concerning urban waste water treatment
Effluent regulations/ Agriculture
Unit operation in ww treatment
WWTP - typical flow diagram
 Primary sedimentation
COD fractionation of sewage and primary effluent
Raw Sewage Primary
Sedimentation
COD Fractions
Effluent
mg/L % mg/L %
Total COD, CT 500 - 321 -
Total Soluble COD, ST 175 35 175 55
Total Particulate COD, XT 325 65 146 45
         
Total Biodegradable COD, 425 85 273 85
CS
Readily Biodegradable 50 10 50 16
COD, SS
Readily Hydrolysable 100 20 100 31
COD, SH
Soluble Inert COD, SI 25 5 25 8
Slowly Hydrolysable 275 55 123 38
COD, XS
Particulate Inert COD, XI 50 10 23 7
 Primary Sedimentation (cont)
 
• HRT : 2 hours (1- 3 hr)
• COD removal : 35%
• TSS removal : 65%
 Primary Sedimentation (cont)

  QIN QE

CT0 = 500 mg/L

CT1 = 321 mg/L
ST0 = 175 mg/L
 
XT0 = 325 mg/L XVSS1 = 91 mg/L
  XTSS1 = 99 mg/L
XVSS0 = 203 mg/L XF1 = 8 mg/L
XTSS0 = 236 mg/L VSS/TSS = 92%
XF0 = 33 mg/L
VSS/TSS = 86%

XSS,S = 179 mg COD/L

 
XVSS,S = 112 mg/L
XTSS,S = 137 mg/L
XF,S = 25 mg/L
VSS/TSS = 81%
Design parameters
Biological reactions/COD
 Biological reactions (cont)
The role of ATP in the utilization of energy in microbial processes
 Biological reactions (cont)
Substrate and energy utilization of heteretrophic microorganisms under aerobic
conditions (Orhon and Artan, 1994)
 Activated sludge
Relationship between the true yield coefficient and the net yield coefficient for
heterotrophic biomass
Activated sludge (cont)
 Activated sludge (cont)
Representative configurations

(a) plug-flow, (b) continuous-flow stirred-tank, and (c) batch.

 Activated sludge/ main parameter

 
Hydraulic retention time = HRT = VC/Q
Sludge age = SRT = V. XT / PXT
Sludge wastage = Q YHN  CS
Net yield coefficient = YHN = YH/ 1+ bH SRT
Yield coefficient = YH = 0.64 g cell COD/g COD
Endogenous decay rate = bH = 0.15/d
 MBRs

(a) Sidestream MBR, (b) submerged MBR

 N removal

Single sludge biological nitrogen removal system- modified Ludzack-Ettinger

 N&P removal

Biological nitrogen and phosphorous removal system-modified Bardenpho