DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (MATERIAL)

DJB 5053 COMPOSITES & ADVANCED

MATERIALS
www.pis.edu.my

Prepared By:
Suria Mohd Samdin (2017)

peneraju  ilmu  sejagat

5.1 Understand biomaterials

5.2 Understand application of biomaterials

2
 DEFINITION OF BIOMATERIALS

Any substance that has been engineered to interact with

biological systems for a medical purpose.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOMATERIALS

• Hard material
• Flexible material
• Chemical requirements
• Must not react with any tissue in the body
• Must be non-toxic to the body
• Long-term replacement must not be biodegradable
 TYPES OF BIOMATERIALS

• POLYMER IMPLANT MATERIALS

• METALLIC IMPLANT MATERIALS
• CERAMIC IMPLANT MATERIALS
 TYPES OF BIOMATERIALS:

POLYMER IMPLANT MATERIALS:

Polymeric implants first used in 1930s but it is barely used

nowadays because of:
 Low mechanical strength.
 Expose to fracture during function.
 Physical properties of polymer are greatly influence by
changing in temperature, environment and composition.
 Their sterilization can be accomplished only by gamma
irradiation or exposure to ethylene oxide gas.
 Contamination of these polymers because of electrostatic
charges that attract dust and other impurities from the
environment.
 TYPES OF BIOMATERIALS:

POLYMER IMPLANT MATERIALS:

The used of polymers for integrated implants

is now confined to its component. The
implants are either plasma sprayed or HA
coated and incorporate a polyoxymethylene
(POM) intra mobile element (IME) which acts
as a shock absorber.

IME is placed between the prosthesis and the

implants body to initiate mobility, stress
relief and shock absorption capability to
mimic that of the natural tooth.
 TYPES OF BIOMATERIALS:

POLYMER IMPLANT MATERIALS:

HA coating are plasma spray onto implantable device to improve

adhesion and bone healing. The more HA coating, the more
resistance it is to clinical dissolution. Studies suggest that
there is greater bone to implant integration with the HA
coated implants.
 TYPES OF BIOMATERIALS:

METALLIC IMPLANT MATERIALS:

Metallic implants undergo several surface modification

(including passivation, anodization, ion implantation and
texturing) to become suitable for implantation.

TITANIUM most commonly used implant material.

Modulus of elasticity for titanium alloy (Ti-6AL-4V) is

closer to that of bone than any other implant material.

However titanium is high cost and difficult to cast.

 TYPES OF BIOMATERIALS:

METALLIC IMPLANT MATERIALS:

Characteristics of titanium:
 Gold standard.
 Low specific gravity.
 High heat resistance.
 High strength.
 Resistance to corrosion.
 TYPES OF BIOMATERIALS:

METALLIC IMPLANT MATERIALS:

Second metallic element that commonly used is COBALT ALLOYS.

Its properties are low cost, easy to fabricate, good
biocompatibility but poor ductility.

Elemental composition of this alloy consists of:

 Cobalt = 63% to provides continuous phase of the alloy.
 Chromium = 30% to provide corrosion resistance through the
oxide surface (Cr 2O3).
 Molybdenum = 5% as stabilizer and also provide strength,
bulk corrosion resistance.
 Carbon, manganese and nickel serves as a hardener.
 TYPES OF BIOMATERIALS:

METALLIC IMPLANT MATERIALS:

Third metallic element that commonly used is STAINLESS STEEL.

It has high strength and ductility, resistance to brittle
fracture and ease of fabrication. However, it cannot be used
in sensitive patients, galvanic potential, expose to hole and
crevice corrosion.

Stainless Steel contains:

 18% of chromium for corrosion resistance.
 8% of nickel to stabilize the austenitic structure.
 80% of iron
 0.05 – 0.15% of carbon
 TYPES OF BIOMATERIALS:

CERAMIC IMPLANT MATERIALS:

Ceramic implants are divided into two mainly type:

 BIO-INERT: Made of Aluminium Oxide. Used as a gold standard
for ceramic implant because of its inertness and no
evidence of immune reaction in vivo.
 BIO-ACTIVE : Made of Hydroxyapatite. It is a composite used
for bone tissue repair and it will support bone ingrowth
when used in orthopaedic, dental and maxillofacial
application.
 TYPES OF BIOMATERIALS:

CERAMIC IMPLANT MATERIALS:

General properties of ceramic are:

 High compressive strength.
 Less resistance to shear and tensile stress.
 High modulus of elasticity.
 Brittle.
 Withstand only low tensile stress.
 Excellent biocompatibility.
 Minimum thermal and electrical conductivity.
 Colour is similar to bone, enamel and dentine.
 TYPES OF BIOMATERIALS:

CERAMIC IMPLANT MATERIALS:

CALCIUM PHOSPHATES is used as coating material for metallic

implant. The advantage of ceramic coating is that they
stimulate the adaptation of bone.
 APPLICATIONS OF BIOMATERIALS

• Skeletal System
• Cardiovascular System
• Organs
 APPLICATIONS OF BIOMATERIALS

SKELETAL SYSTEM:

 Joint replacements: Titanium,

stainless steel, polyethylene.
 Plate for fracture fixation: Stainless
steel, cobalt-chromium alloy.
 Bone cement: Polymethyl Methacrylate.
 Artificial tendon and ligament:
Teflon, Dacron.
 Dental Implants: Titanium, alumina,
calcium phosphate.
 APPLICATIONS OF BIOMATERIALS

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:

 Blood vessel prosthesis: Teflon,

Dacron, Polyurethane.
 Heart valve: Reprocessed tissue,
Stainless steel, carbon
 Catheter: Silicone rubber, Teflon,
Polyurethane.
 APPLICATIONS OF BIOMATERIALS

ORGANS:

 Artificial Heart: Polyurethane.

 Artificial Kidney: Cellulose,
Polyacrylonitrile.
 Heart Lung Machine: Silicone rubber.