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Hepatopancreatic Microsporidiosis
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP)

Disease signs at pond level

Severe growth retardation/ growth stunting, Disparate growth (high size variation),
Floating white feces (White feces observed with other diseases also), Low level
mortality
Disease Agent: Microsporidian parasite – Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP)
Diagnostic method: PCR method, Histopathology
Sample for PCR test – Whole PL, Hepatopancreas(HP) and faecal samples
Host Range: Penaeus monodon and P. vannamei in India
Transmission mode: Horizontal and vertical, Primarily through oral route (through
feces and cannibalism of infected shrimp ), EHP spore present in the pond sediment will
cause fresh infection
Management: Hatcheries should test fresh feeds & artemia used in hatchery for EHP
by PCR method, Stock PCR negative seed (test in reputed labs), Select healthy and
strong seed, Nursery rearing of PL, Stock seed in ponds with good plankton/bloom, if a
pond is affected by EHP then before stocking the next crop the following pond soil
treatment is suggested :
The spores of EHP have thick walls and are not easy to inactivate. Even high levels of
chlorine alone are not effective. For pond sediment treatment apply CaO (quick lime,
burnt lime, unslaked lime or hot lime) at 6 Ton/ha. Plough the CaO into the dry pond
sediment (10-12 cm) and then moisten the sediment to activate the lime. Then leave for
1 week before drying or filling. After application of CaO, the soil pH should rise to 12
or more for a couple of days and then fall back to the normal range as it absorbs carbon
dioxide and becomes CaCO3.

EHP Spores under Scanning electron Microscope Hepatopancreas of EHP Infected Shrimp( Histopathology) Size variation observed in P. monodon due to EHP infection (Balsore,Odisha)
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV)

Signs of Disease
Important: Animals with disease may show one or more of the signs below, but disease
may still be present in the absence of any signs.
Disease signs at the farm level: High and rapid mass mortality, Can occur at any stage of
the grow-out period. Disease signs at the tank and pond level. Shrimp with white spot
disease sometimes do not show distinctive clinical signs. Lethargy/ weakness. Shrimp
with WSD stop feeding. A few days later, moribund/about to die prawns observed near
surface /at edge of rearing pond. Clinical signs of disease in an infected animal
White calcium deposits embedded in shell, causing white spots 0.5–2.0 mm in diameter
(but white spot disease can occur without these signs). Darkened (red or pink) body
surface and appendages. White midgut line could be observed through abdomen of
severely affected shrimp.
Disease agent: White spot syndrome virus (WSSV)
Susceptible stages: Any stage of grow out period
Vectors: The virus can transmit from host to host and does not need a biological vector.
Known or suspected wild aquatic animal carriers: Wild decapods can be easily infected
by WSSV and may express the disease under suitable environmental conditions.
However, non-decapodal crustaceans such as copepods, rotifers, Artemia may become
wild aquatic animal carriers by latent infection without disease. Other marine molluscs,
polychaete worms, as well as non-crustacean aquatic arthropods such as sea slaters
(Isopoda) and Euphydradae insect larvae can mechanically carry the virus without
evidence of infection.
Transmission mode: Horizontal - infected shrimp to healthy shrimp through
cannibalism or water and vertical – broodstock to larvae/seed
Management:
Biosecurity measures – Bird netting, crab fencing, hand dips, foot bath /tyrebath,
Tested Seed from reputed SPF shrimp seed supplier /use of specific pathogen free (SPF)
or polymerase chainreaction (PCR)-negative seed stocks
Follow Good Aquaculture Practices:- Avoiding stocking in the cold season, Use of
biosecure water and culture systems
Molecular Methods Developed by
Central lab for Disease Diagnosis
M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Enterocytozoon Tilapia Lake

hepatopenaei Virus
(EHP) (TiLV)

M 1 2 3 4 5

Mud Crab Reo Virus