DESIGN AND MODELLING OF

230KV TRANSMISSION TOWER

Group 1
 TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY (THANLYIN)
DEPARMENT OF ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING
DESIGN AND MODELLING OF 230KV
TRANSMISSION TOWER

Fifth Year Project

Date 25.7.2023

Supervisor : Daw May Nwe Yee Htun presented by

Vice Supervisor : U Min Kyaw Zan Hein V-EP(Group-1)
 Group 1
Member List

1. Mg Kaung Khant Kyaw (Leader) ( V Ep 10 )

2. Ma Phue Ei Hlaing (Co Leader) ( V Ep 3 )
3. Ma May Phyo Phyo Oo ( V Ep 1 )
4. Ma Khin Sabai ( V Ep 2 )
5. Ma May San Thu Kyaw ( V Ep 4 )
6. Ma Myat Mon Nyein ( V Ep 5 )
7. Mg Htet Aung Win ( V Ep 6 )
8. Mg Wai Yan Phyo ( V Ep 7 )
9. Mg Ye Phone Aung ( V Ep 8 )
10. Mg Ye Lin Htay ( V Ep 9 )
11. Mg Myo Tint Kyaw ( V Ep 11 )
12. Mg Kyaw Zin Min ( V Ep 12 )
13. Mg Kaung Min Sett ( V Ep 13 )
14. Mg Sis Min Zaw ( V Ep 14 )
15. Mg Moe Pyae Sone Naing ( V Ep 15 )
16. Mg Aung Htet Pyae Sone ( V Ep 16 )
17. Mg Kyaw Kyaw Khant ( V Ep 17 )
18. Mg Arkar Min ( V Ep 18 )
19. Ma Thel Nandar Swe ( V Ep 19 )
20. Mg Kyi Zaw Han ( V Ep 20 )
21. Mg Min San Aung ( V Ep 21 )
22. Mg Thura Min Oo ( V Ep 22 )
Outlines of the presentation
● Literature review
● Abstract
● Introduction
● Aims and objectives
● Overview of transmission line
● Line constants
● Classification of overhead transmission line
● Components of High voltage transmission line
● Theory of overhead transmission line
● Chapters
● Conclusion
 Literature Review
● In our country, Generation is mainly depend on Hydro Stations which are too
far away from cities.
● So, transmission is major factor to get a safe and reliable electricity supply .
● In this project, we’ll study the design of the transmissions towers and their
loads.
● We also study the types of faults that can occur in transmission lines.
● Two suspension towers, one tension tower and one transposition tower will be
demonstrated in this project’s model .
 Abstract
Transmission line system is very important in the electricity supply system.
The choice of line voltage is important to do the design of power transmission
line. The transfer of electrical energy from one place to another over long
distance with standard regulations is one of the major problems in the field of
electrical power engineering. The parameters of overhead transmission line are
resistance, inductance and capacitance. The bundle conductors are used for
reduction the reactance on the line, corona losses, radio interference and surge
impedance. For three-phase line, the choice of conductor size, number of
insulators, maximum sag of conductor and minimum height of conductor is
importance and the lines must be transposed to compensate the mutual
inductance. In this presentation, design and modelling of transmission towers by
using twin bundle circuit with 230kV with different tower types are described.
 Introduction
● Electricity is the only form of energy.
● Electricity consumption per capita is the index of the living standard of people in a place
or country.
● Electrical energy becomes most essential item for modern human beings.
● Day by day increase in demand of electrical energy places depletion of fossil fuel sources
in alarming rate.
● An electric power system consists of three principle components: (i) generation system,
(ii) transmission line and (iii) distribution systems
● In Myanmar, Hydro power stations are the based power houses of the load.
● Most of the generation sites are far away from the major cities, so transmission is
considered as an important factor for reliable power system.
● Transmission lines are also required for interconnecting power systems having a number
of power stations for transfer of power or energy.
 Aim and Objectives
The main aim of this project is to design the 230kV double circuit overhead transmission
line.

The objectives of this project are:

(i) To study the basic theory of transmission line

(ii) To study the design consideration of overhead transmission line

(iii) To choose the size of conductor

(iv) To calculate the line constants, the voltage drops, voltage regulation, power
losses, tower loads, safety factors on the line and maximum sag on the line of a
span.
 Overview of Transmission Line

Introduction of Power Transmission Line

● An electrical power system can be considered to consist of a generation system, a

transmission system, a sub-transmission system, and a distribution system.
● In modern power system, electric power is produced in generating stations and transmitted
to consumers through a complex network of individual components, including
transmission lines, transformers, and switching devices.
● Transmission lines are the backbone in every electrical power transmission system.
● For the connection between the power plants and the consumers integrated network
consists of transmission line systems like overhead lines or power cable are in used.
Types Transmission Tower
Types of Transmission Line
There are two main types of transmission line.

(i) Underground transmission line

(ii) Overhead transmission line

Line Constants
To Calculate the electrical characteristics, four line constants are required.

a. Series Resistance – accounts for Ohmic (I2R losses)

b. Series Impedance – accounts for series voltage drops
Resistive Inductive reactance
c. Shunt Capacitance – accounts for Line-Charging Currents
d. Shunt Conductance – accounts for V2G losses due to leakage
currents between conductors or between conductors and ground
Resistance(R)

C resistance of a conductor at a temperature T is given by

= conductor resistivity at temperature T l

= the length of the conductor A =
the current-carry cross-sectional area of the conductor

Ploss= real power dissipated in the conductor in watts

I = rms conductor current

Spiraling

The purpose of introducing a steel core inside the stranded aluminum

conductors is to obtain a high strength-to-weight ratio. A stranded conductor
offers more flexibility and easier to manufacture than a solid large conductor.
However, the total resistance is increased because the outside strands are larger
than the inside strands on account of the spiraling.
The effective resistance of a spirally wound conductor is:

Rcoĥnd = Power loss in conductor Ω

= Length of the wound conductor (m)

Pcond = 𝑙turn/2𝑟layer = Relative pitch of the wound conductor (m)

𝑙turn = Length of one turn of the spiral (m)

2𝑟layer = Diameter of the layer (m)

Frequency

● When voltages and currents change in time, current flow (i.e. current density) is
not uniform across the diameter of a conductor.
● Thus the ‘effective’ current-carrying cross-section of a conductor with AC is
less than that for DC.
● This phenomenon is known as skin effect.
● As frequency increases, the current density decreases from that at the surface
of the conductor to that at the center of the conductor.

I = V/Z Z = (R + Lf)

I = AC current, f = frequency, V = RMS voltage, Z = tot Impedance,

R = resistive load, L = Inductance
Skin Effect
In electromagnetism, skin effect is the tendency of an alternating electric current to become
distributed within a conductor such that the current density is largest near the surface of the conductor
and decreases exponentially with greater depths in the conductor.

= Skin Depth

I = Current
H = Magnetic Field
Iw = Eddy Current
Temperature

● The resistivity of conductors is a function of temperature.

● For common conductors (Al & Cu), the conductor resistance increases ~
linearly with temperature

= the temperature coefficient of resistivity

Conductance

➢ Conductance is associated with power losses between the conductors or

between the conductors and ground.
➢ Such power losses occur through leakage currents on insulators and via a
corona
➢ Leakage currents are affected by:
● Contaminants such dirt and salt accumulated on Insulators
● Meteorological factors such as moisture
➢ Corona loss occurs when the electric field at the
surface of a conductor causes the air to ionize and
thereby conduct.
➢ Corona loss depends on:
○ Conductor surface irregularities
○ Meteorological conditions such as humidity,
fog, and rain
➢ Losses due to leakage currents and corona loss
are often small compared to direct I2R losses on
TLs and are typically neglected in power flow
studies.

Corona Loss in Transmission Line

➢ When a current flows through a conductor, a magnetic flux is set up which links
the conductor.
➢ The current also establishes a magnetic field proportional to the current in the
wire.
➢ Due to the distributed nature of a Transmission Line, we are interested in the
inductance per unit length (H/m).
Inductance(L)

Inductance is defined by the ratio of the total magnetic flux flowing through (passing
through) an area divided by the current producing that flux

Inductance is solely dependent on the geometry of the arrangement and the magnetic
properties (permeability ) of the medium. Also, where H is the mag field due to
current flow only.
 In HV Transmission lines conductors are often arranged in one of the following 3
standard configurations

The inductance per phase of a 3-phase bundle wire line with equal spacing is given by
Twin Bundle Three Bundle

If bundle separation is large compare to the bundle size, then the center to center
distance of the bundles
Capacitance (C)

● A capacitor results when any two conductors are separated by an insulating medium.
● Conductors of an overhead transmission line are separated by air – which acts as an
insulating medium – therefore they have capacitance.
● Due to the distributed nature of a TL we are interested in the capacitance per unit
length (F/m).
● Capacitance is solely dependent on the geometry of the arrangement and the electric
properties (permittivity ) of the medium.
 When the conductor of a three-phase line are not equilaterally spaced, the line
to neutral capacitance is:
Transpositioning in transmission line

Long 3-phase Transmission lines are sometimes transposed for positive

sequence balancing. The 3-phase can be restored by exchanging the position
of conductors at regular intervals along the line so that each conductor occupies
the original position of every other conductor over an equal distance i.e.,
‘transposition’.

Transpositioning of a Transmission Line

Parallel Admittance (Y)

Where leakage of one line is g , electrostatic capacitance C (F/m) and frequency f

(Hz), parallel admittance Y is expressed by the following.

This line constant is also called leakage conductance.

Fig: Three-phase line with neutral conductors and with earth

plane replaced by image conductors
Classification of Overhead Transmission Line
Overhead transmission lines are classified according to their lengths as (i)
Short transmission lines (ii) Medium
transmission lines (iii) Long transmission lines

The short transmission lines are those lines that have lengths up to 50 mile, or 80 km.
The medium length transmission lines are those lines that have lengths up to 150 mile, or
240 km. Similarly, the long transmission lines are those lines that have lengths above 150
mile, or 240 km.
Components of High Voltage Transmission Line
The followings are components of high voltage transmission line. They are
(i) Conductor
(ii) Insulator
(iii) Optical Ground Wire
(iv) Supporting Structure
(v) Vibration Damper
(vi) Jumper
(vii) Arcing Horn
(viii) Spacer
Conductor
Size of Conductors
In the selection of the transmission line conductors, the following factors have
to be taken into account:

a. The maximum amount of allowed current in the conductor.

b. The maximum amount of power loss allowed on the line.
c. The maximum amount of voltage loss allowed.
d. The required span and sag between spans.
e. The tension on the conductor.
f. The climate conditions at the line location.
g. The possibility of conductor vibration.
h. The possibility of having corrosive atmospheric conductors.
Types of Conductor

The most commonly used transmission line conductor types are:

(i) ACSR

(ii) ACSR/AW (aluminium conductor, aluminium-clad steel reinforced)

Insulator

An insulator is a material that prevents the flow of an electric current and can be used
to support electrical conductors. Insulators are made of porcelain, glass, and fiberglass
treated with epoxy resins.

Function

The function of an insulator is to provide for the necessary clearances between the
line conductors, between conductors and ground, and between conductors and the pole or
tower.
Types of Insulators

*Pin-type ( Post Type ) Insulators *Strain Insulator

*Suspension Insulators *Shackle Insulator

Optical Ground Wire (OPGW)

OPGW cable is Optical Fiber Composite Overhead Ground Wire . The optical
fiber is placed in the ground wire of the overhead high-voltage transmission line
to form a fiber-optic communication network on the transmission line. This
structure has the dual functions of ground and communication. Because the fiber
has anti-electromagnetic interference and light weight, it can be installed on the
top of the transmission line tower without considering the optimal mounting
position and electromagnetic corrosion.
Supporting structures

Supporting structures support the conductors used to transport electric power

from generation sources to customer load.

Two common types are: (i)Lattice Steel Towers

(LST), which consist of a steel framework of individual structural
components that are bolted or welded together.

Single Circuit (LST) Double Circuit (LST)

(ii) Tubular Steel Poles (TSP), which are hollow steel poles fabricated either as one piece
or as several pieces fitted together.

Tubular steel poles (TSP) (a) Double Circuit

TSP (b) Single Circuit H-Frame TSP
(c) Single Circuit TSP
Arcing Horn

Arcing horns (sometimes arc-horns) are projecting conductors used to protect

insulators or switch hardware on high voltage electric power transmission systems from
damage during flashover. Arcing horns provide a path for flashover to occur that
bypasses the surface of the protected device.[1] Horns are normally paired on either
side of an insulator, one connected to the high voltage part and the other to ground,
or at the breaking point of a switch contact.
Jumpers

A jumper is a conductor that is rated to carry full line (load plus capacitive charging)
current and is installed to connect line spans on opposite sides of a dead-end or a large
angle structure. The jumper is installed on each phase of the line and operates at full line
voltage.
Spacer

A spacer is a fitting component responsible for separating assembly parts of the

transmission setup of towers. Aluminium spacers are used for places where electrical
conduction is in demand.
Vibration Damper

Vibration in Transmission Line is solved by using specially designed dampers. A damper

is basically a device which is so designed to absorbed vibration energy and prevent
vibration in Transmission Line. Stockbridge damper is most popular damper used for
prevention of vibration in Transmission Line.
 THEORY OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE
Selection of Line Voltage

It is very important to select proper voltage level for a transmission line.

Generally the supply power and the line voltage can be determined by the following
equation,

Where, L = line length in mile

Choice of Conductor

ACSR conductors are generally used for high-tension transmission lines due to
economical reason. Kelvin's Law may be represented by the following formula in case
aluminum conductor.
where, = most economical density of current

a = percent annual expense to the construction cost of conductor

p = price of conductor (kyat/kg)

q = cost of electricity (kyat/kwh)

Choice of Conductor by Corona Voltage

Critical voltage of corona formation of conductor is worked out by the

following formula.
Where, = disruptive critical voltage in kV (line to Line)
= factor of irregularly of conductor surface being 0.8

= factor of weather being 1 in fair weather and 0.8 in rainy weather

= factor of air density being 1.0

D = spacing of conductor, cm

d = diameter of conductor

Bundle Conductor

● Critical corona voltage can be considered considerably increased by the use of

bundled conductors.
● Bundle conductors are a group of two or more conductor per phase.
● The spacing of conductors in a bundle affects the voltage gradient and the
optimum spacing is about eight to ten times the conductor diameter, irrespective
of the number of conductor in the bundle.
● Bundled conductors result in reduced inductive reactance per phase and thus
improve the line performance.
● Reduction of inductance of the line also increases in transmission capacity.

Spacing of Conductors

● The spacing of conductor depends on the voltage of the lines and the span use.
● The spacing arrangement may be horizontal or vertical or equilateral triangular
as may suit the circumstances.
● Conductor spacing are intended to be sufficient to prevent continuous corona
loss, swing contacts and flashover between conductors.
● Consideration must be given to unequal sags due to variations in ice loading,
and to sleet jump.
Insulation of Transmission Line

By coordinating the number of insulators, the distance between neigh-bouring archorns,

between line and supporting structure, overhead ground wire (GW), a comprehensive study
must be made from many aspects such as normal line to ground voltage, lighting, internal over
voltage, swing of line and insulators by wind, differences in degree of sagging caused by the
uneven deposit of ice and snow and the springing up of the line conductor by their falling. The
above statement can be rephrased by saying that the insulation coordination must be kept by
transmission line itself.

Number of Insulator Disc

● According to the progress in the development of circuit breaker and lighting arrestor,
internal abnormal voltage more than 3.8 times the normal operation voltage may not be
expected to occur.
● Therefore the insulation of the insulator string should withstand the under mentioned
voltage even in wet condition.
● The flash over voltages 3 of insulator disc of 10"dia x spacing is shown in
Table 3.1.

Internal abnormal voltage (kV0 = normal operation voltage (kV) x 3.8

Determination of Insulation Design
(i) Standard insulating distance

(ii) Minimum insulation distance

(iii) Distance between jumper wire and upper cross-arm

(iv) Emergency insulation distance

(v) Distance between line conductors

(vi) Height of line conductor from the ground and isolating distance

(vii) Isolating distance

Lighting and Insulation of Transmission line

The lighting fault is the highest in frequency of all kinds of faults on the
transmission line. The lighting proof design is one of the important items so as to
prevent the power failure for hours or damages to the equipment. Various lightning
proof measure are taken such as laying of grounding wire, earthing design, Compact
design of the line and insulation coordination.

Spans

Apart from individual spans, the following technical terms are used in line
calculations:
(i) Basic or normal span (iv) Wind Span
(ii) Ruling or equivalent span (v)
Weight span (iii) Average span
Design of Insulator

Insulators are designed and manufacture for a certain voltage range. The
types of insulator used in transmission line work are:

(i) Pin type insulator

(ii) Suspension type insulator
(iii) Strain type insulator

Capacitance effect on insulators

Sag and Tension Calculations
The factors affecting the sag of a conductor strung between supports are:

(i) Conductor load per unit length

(ii) Span, that is, distance between supports

(iii) Temperature

(iv) Conductor tension

In order to determine the conductor load properly, the factors that need to be

taken into account are:

(i) Weight of conductor itself

(ii) Weight of ice or snow clinging to wire

Effect of Change in Temperature

If the conductor unstressed or the conductor stress is constant while the

temperature changes, the change in length of the conductor is
Power Loss due to Corona

The corona loss in kW is calculator by Perterson’s Formula

Percentage Voltage Regulation

The voltage regulation of the line is defined by the rise in voltage when full load
is removed.
Tower Design
The tower shall consist of galvanized lattice steel, be self-supporting and be square of
the base. All towers shall have an independent foundation for each of the four legs. The tower
type 'T' could use a triple tower system for phase interchange. The design of the towers shall
be such that different parts are as standard as possible to reduce spare parts to a minimum and
to ease maintenance.
Tower height is affected by the ground clearance, sag and insulator. The basic tower height
is as follows:

Suspension Tower: max: sag + ground clearance +

length of insulator

Tension Tower : max: sag + ground clearance

The sag in the conductor shall be the sag at 75°C in still air as determined from the design
criteria.
Making a pathfinder for tower model

- Study the reference model

- Using bamboo stick and super glue
- Counting the number and type of bracing
- Building strong communication in group
 Chapters (Rough)

● Chapter 1 – Introduction
- Overview of transmission lines
● Chapter 2 – Types of tower
- Design Considerations
- Sag, Span and Clearance
● Chapter 3 – Loads
- Mechnical Stress
- Electrical Constants
● Chapter 4 – Calculations
- Unsymmetrical Faults
● Chapter 5 – Simulation, Modelling and Demonstration
● Chapter 6 – Conclusion
 Conclusion
This project highlights significant advancements in the design and modelling
of electrical transmission towers, particularly in the context of suspension, tension,
and transposition tower models. Researchers have explored various optimization
techniques, advanced modelling approaches, and innovative designs to improve
tower performance, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. These findings contribute to
the ongoing efforts to ensure a robust and sustainable power transmission
infrastructure, meeting the demands of a rapidly evolving energy landscape. Future
research should focus on integrating renewable energy sources and smart grid
technologies into transmission tower design, further enhancing the efficiency and
resilience of power transmission systems.
Thank you for your
attention

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