ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE

Softscape
Hardscape
 Paving(flexibile)

Flexible pavements are constructed using

bituminous materials.These types of
pavements are called “flexible” since the total
pavement structure “bends” or “deflects” due
to traffic loads.
 Paving(rigid)

Rigid pavements are surfaces made up of

poured slabs of Portland cement and
remain rigid or fixed when placed under
stress.
 Paving(porous)

Porous pavement is a paved surface

with a higher than normal
percentage of air voids to allow
water to pass through it and
infiltrate into the subsoil.
Fence
Structural Elements
• Post and rail
• Picket
• Panels
• Gate
Post and rail
Picket
Panels
Gate
Retaining walls
Pedistrain bridge
• Log foot bridge
• Sawn timber bridge
• Galloway foot bridge
• Galloway steel foot bridge
• Suspension bridge
Log foot bridge
Sawn timber bridge
Galloway foot bridge
Galloway steel foot bridge
Seating
 A pergola is an outdoor garden feature forming a shaded walkway, passageway, or
Pergola sitting area of vertical posts or pillars
 A gazebo is a freestanding, open garden pavilion structure, sometimes hexagonal or
Gazebo octagonal in shape, with a roof.
lightning
• Up lightning
• Down lightning
• Silhouette
• Spot
• Underwater
• Step / deck lightning
• Sculptural lightning
• Path lightning
• Washing
• Grazing
• Accent lightning
• Cross lightning
 Uplighting is a popular lighting effect created by strategically placing lighting
Up lightning fixtures on the floor and pointing them up.
 A downlight is a light fitting that lights in a downward direction to light an
Down lightning area below.
 Silhouette lighting in gardens is a form of outdoor garden lighting called uplighting. It
Silhouette is also a form of back lighting. It creates a focal point with a sense of drama and
romance.
 Spotlights refer to a general term for lights that point only in 1 direction.
Spot lighting They often illuminate statues, plants, walls, patios, and anything you
can point it at.
underwater lighting Any water feature lighting that goes under the water is underwater
lighting.
Step/deck lighting
The steplight is a type of lighting which creates luminous paths that
vary according to the size of the space or steps to be illuminated
Sculptural lighting
Sculpture lighting consists of a light fixture that is made
into a sculptural form of different shapes and designs. A
sculptural light fixture is not only a form of art, but it is
stands out as being the focal point of any type of room.
path lighting
path lighting exists to keep the walker safe at night. It makes the viewer see
where the pathway might lead.
washing lighting A "wash" is a general "fill" of light and color evenly across an area through
the use of lighting fixtures. This will create a soft glow over the whole area.
 Grazing is a lighting technique where lights are positioned closely either
grazing lighting from the floor or ceiling, to force the beam of light at a narrow angle. This
angle draws the eye to the texture of the wall by creating shadows
accent lighting
Accent lighting focuses light on a particular area or object. It is often used to
highlight art or other artifacts and give a dramatic effect.
 Cross-lighting involves two light sources illuminating the subject from
Cross lighting opposite sides. Cross lighting can highlight the main feature of your garden
and soften the look at the same time.
Water Feature
• Still water
• Running water
• Fountain
• Spouting
• Cascading
• Flowing
Still water
Running water
Fountain
Spouting
Cascading
Flowing