Nickel Cadmium Batteries

Submitted By,
Adhil Muhammed A
202319001
History
• Nickel-cadmium (also known as NiCd or NiCad) were the first rechargeable
batteries that were used in a variety of devices from remote control cars to
cordless phones and early handphones.
• The first Ni–Cd battery was created by Waldemar Jungner of Sweden in 1899
• At that time, the only direct competitor was the lead–acid battery, which was less
physically and chemically robust.
• In 1932 active materials were deposited inside a porous nickel-plated electrode
and fifteen years later began on a sealed nickel-cadmium battery.
• The first production in the United States began in 1946
Construction
• Ni–Cd batteries use the "Swiss roll" or "jelly-roll" configuration
• This design incorporates several layers of positive and negative material rolled
into a cylindrical shape
• This design reduces internal resistance as there is a greater amount of electrode
in contact with the active material in each cell
A Nickel cadmium battery contains:

• A Nickel(III) oxide hydroxide positive electrode plate : Cathode

• A Cadmium negative electrode plate : Anode
• A separator ,and
• An alkaline electrolyte- Potassium hydroxide
Reactions
• At Anode: Cd + 2OH- ⇒ 2Cd(OH)2 + 2e-

• At Cathode : 2NiOOH + 2H2O + 2e- ⇒ 2Ni(OH)2 + 2OH-

• Overall reaction: 2NiOOH + Cd + 2H2O ⇔ 2Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2

Working

• A nickel cadmium battery converts chemical energy to electrical energy upon

discharge and converts electrical energy back to chemical energy upon recharge.
• In a fully discharged NiCd battery, the cathode contains nickel hydroxide
[Ni(OH)2] and cadmium hydroxide [Cd(OH)2] in the anode.
• When the battery is charged, the chemical composition of the cathode is
transformed and the nickel hydroxide changes to nickel oxyhydroxide [NiOOH].
• In the anode, cadmium hydroxide is transformed to cadmium.
• As the battery is discharged, the process is reversed.
Characterestics
Advantages
• Rugged, high cycle count with proper maintenance
• Good load performance
• Long shelf life
• Simple storage and transportation
• Economically priced
• Available in a wide range of sizes and performance options
 
Disadvantages
• Relatively low specific energy compared with newer systems
• Memory effect
• Cadmium is a toxic metal, hence,it cannot be disposed of in landfills
• High self-discharge; needs recharging after storage
• Low cell voltage of 1.20V requires many cells to achieve high voltage
Applications
• Small portable electrical and electronic devices.
• The energy density of nickel-cadmium batteries is high. Also,
these are lighter and more compact. Therefore, these are preferred
in applications where weight and size of the battery are very
important like in airplanes and helicopters.
• Medical instrumentation
• Emergency lighting
• Toys
Thank you