DIFFERENTIA

L EQUATION
 A PROPERTY OF PUP
DMS
***NOT FOR COMMERCIAL USE***
Hello!
Future Engineers!
I am Engr. Oscar L. Poloyapoy
Your instructor in Differential Equation
ADDITIONAL
READINGS
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL
01 EQUATIONS
SOLUTION TO 1ST ORDER 1ST DEGREE
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
02

APPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
03

1ST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF

HIGHER DEGREE THAN THE FIRST
04

HIGHER ORDRED DIFFERENTIAL

05

EQUATIONS
APPLICATIONS OF
FIRST ORDER
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
` Chapter Overview
This chapter applies problems that give rise to some of the types of first
order ordinary differential equations studied in the previous chapters.
Applications of the first order differential equations presented through
examples are widely applied to model natural phenomena in engineering
systems and many other situations.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter, the student is expected to:
1. formulate the problem mathematically, thereby obtaining a
differential equation;
2. solve the equation and attempt to interpret the solution in terms of
the quantities involved in the original problem.
3.1 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF PLANE
CURVES
The solution of differential equation can be displayed graphically
as a family of integral curves. It turns out that one can also solve the
inverse problem: construct a differential equation of the family
of plane curves defined by an algebraic equation, then use the
step in the elimination of arbitrary constant.
EXAMPLE
#1
EXAMPLE
#2

EXAMPLE
#3
PRACTICE
EXERCISE
3.1
 PROGRESS
SCORE RATING
INDICATORS
INTERPRETATION
10 points EXCELLENT ENRICHMENT
    Congratulations! You can now proceed to the next lesson.

5-9 points AVERAGE REINFORCEMENT

    Good! Study the part/s where you commit mistake/s then
solve it over again until you get the exact answer/s.

0-4 points BELOW AVERAGE REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION

    Study again from the very beginning of this chapter. To
erase your difficulties, be able to use additional readings,
watch youtube, and other informative materials. Solve it
over again until you master the lesson and exercises, then
proceed to the next lesson. Good Luck!
ASSIGNMENT 3.1
3.2 ISOGONAL AND ORTHOGONAL
TRAJECTORIES
A trajectory (path) of a moving particle is said to be isogonal if a given family of curves
in a plane G, intersects another curve at plane T at a constant angle, θ. Similarly, a trajectory
is said to be orthogonal to the trajectory of another moving particle if their tangent lines at
their point of intersection makes an angle of 90 degrees with respect to each other. (See
Figure 1)
For isogonal families that intersect at (x,y) with slope , they intersect at the constant
angle θ, where:
FIGURE 1
EXAMPLE
#4
EXAMPLE
#4
EXAMPLE
#5

EXAMPLE
#6
PRACTICE
EXERCISE
3.2
 PROGRESS
SCORE RATING
INDICATORS
INTERPRETATION
10 points EXCELLENT ENRICHMENT
    Congratulations! You can now proceed to the next lesson.

5-9 points AVERAGE REINFORCEMENT

    Good! Study the part/s where you commit mistake/s then
solve it over again until you get the exact answer/s.

0-4 points BELOW AVERAGE REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION

    Study again from the very beginning of this chapter. To
erase your difficulties, be able to use additional readings,
watch youtube, and other informative materials. Solve it
over again until you master the lesson and exercises, then
proceed to the next lesson. Good Luck!
ASSIGNMENT 3.2
3.3 NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING (AND HEATING)

Based on studies, it was noted that an approximation of the

temperature of a body undergoing a cooling or a heating process
could be obtained by using Newton’s Law of Cooling. The Law
states that the rate of change of the body temperature is
proportional to the difference of the temperature of the body and
the temperature of the surrounding medium. (See Figure 2)
The Law stated in differential equation
is:
FIGURE 2
EXAMPLE
#7
A thermometer reading is is brought into a room temperature where the
temperature is ; 1 minute later, the thermometer reading is . Determine the
temperature reading as a function of time and, in particular, the temperature
reading 5 minutes after the thermometer is brought into the room.

SOLUTIO
N:
EXAMPLE
#7
EXAMPLE
#7
EXAMPLE
#8

A body at a temperature of is placed in an oven whose temperature is

kept at . If after 10 minutes, the temperature of the body is , find an
expression for the temperature of the body at time t.
EXAMPLE
#9
A thermometer reading is brought inside a room where the air
temperature is a cool . One minute later, it reads .
a. What will be the temperature of the thermometer after 5 minutes?
b. When will the reading be ? When will the temperature of the body
equal the air temperature?
PRACTICE
EXERCISE
3.3
 PROGRESS
SCORE RATING
INDICATORS
INTERPRETATION
10 points EXCELLENT ENRICHMENT
    Congratulations! You can now proceed to the next lesson.

5-9 points AVERAGE REINFORCEMENT

    Good! Study the part/s where you commit mistake/s then
solve it over again until you get the exact answer/s.

0-4 points BELOW AVERAGE REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION

    Study again from the very beginning of this chapter. To
erase your difficulties, be able to use additional readings,
watch youtube, and other informative materials. Solve it
over again until you master the lesson and exercises, then
proceed to the next lesson. Good Luck!
ASSIGNMENT 3.3
3.4 EXPONENTIAL LAW OF GROWTH AND
DECAY
The EXPONENTIAL LAW OF GROWTH AND DECAY states that
the rate of change of the number of bacteria/ radio actives present at
any time t, is directly proportional to the number of bacteria present at
any time t.
Problems involving radioactive decays and bacterial growths are
the usual problem of this type. It is very useful in the field of science
like chemistry, nuclear physics and nuclear medicine.
3.4a RADIOACTIVE DECAY
EXAMPLE
#10
Geologist exploring the foothills of Mount Von Bulow in west coast
New Zealand have unearthed a piece of rock with residues of a
certain radioactive substance. Preliminary estimates have indicated
that the substance have an approximate half-life of 60 hours.
Calculate:
a. the amount left after 7 days;
b. how long will it take for 90% of the radioactivity be
dissipated?
EXAMPLE
#10
SOLUTIO
N:
EXAMPLE
#10
EXAMPLE
#10
EXAMPLE
#11
Radium decomposes at a rate proportional to the amount
present. If 100mg set aside now there will be left 96mg 100 years
hence, find:
a. how much will be left t?
b. how much will be left after 2.58 centuries; and
c. the half-life of radium?
EXAMPLE
#12
Bismuth-210 has a half-life of 5.0 days.
a. Suppose a sample originally has a mass of 800mg. Find a formula
for the mass remaining after t days.
b. Find the mass remaining after 30 days
c. when is the mass reduced to 1 mg.
3.4b BACTERIAL GROWTH
EXAMPLE
#13
Researchers at the Institute of Disease Control have isolated a
certain bacterial strain that follows the exponential growth curve. In
their study, the bacteria have doubled its population in just 2 hours.
Assuming other controlling factors considered constant,
a. what will be the expected population after 6 hours?
b. when will the population be a hundred times that what it was
originally?
EXAMPLE
#13 SOLUTIO
N
EXAMPLE
#13
EXAMPLE
#13
EXAMPLE
#14
A certain population of bacteria is known to grow at a rate
proportional to the amount present in a culture that provides plentiful
food and space. Initially, there are 250 bacteria and after 7 hours, 800
bacteria are observed in the culture.
a. Find an expression for the approximate number of bacteria
present in the culture at any time t.
b. Approximate the number of bacteria present in the culture
after 24 hours.
EXAMPLE
#15

The number of bacteria in a culture is growing at a rate of per

unit time t. At t=0, the number of bacteria present was 7,500.
Find the number present at t=5.
PRACTICE
EXERCISE
3.4
 PROGRESS
SCORE RATING
INDICATORS
INTERPRETATION
10 points EXCELLENT ENRICHMENT
    Congratulations! You can now proceed to the next lesson.

5-9 points AVERAGE REINFORCEMENT

    Good! Study the part/s where you commit mistake/s then
solve it over again until you get the exact answer/s.

0-4 points BELOW AVERAGE REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION

    Study again from the very beginning of this chapter. To
erase your difficulties, be able to use additional readings,
watch youtube, and other informative materials. Solve it
over again until you master the lesson and exercises, then
proceed to the next lesson. Good Luck!
ASSIGNMENT 3.4
3.5 SIMPLE ELECTRIC
CIRCUITS
Electricity is a substance which flows through conductors
such as wires. One unit of electricity is coulomb. The rate of flow
of electricity is called current. If x coulomb of electricity per
second are passing a point in a conductor, the current in the
conductor is x ampere.
FIGURE 3
 TABLE 1
Quantity and Symbol Unit
emf or voltage E volt (V)

current i ampere
charge q coulomb
resistance R ohm (Ω)

inductance L henry (H)

capacitance C farad
 The fundamental law in the study of electric circuits is in the
following:
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (Form 1). The algebraic sum of the
instantaneous voltage drops around a closed circuit in a specific
direction is zero.
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (Form 2). The sum of the voltage drops
across resistors, inductors, and capacitors is equal to the total
electromotive force in a closed circuit.
 FIGURE 4
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
SYMBOLS
FIGURE 5
 TABLE 2
Mechanical System Electrical System
mass m inductance L
damping constant a resistance R
spring constant k Reciprocal of capacitance
1/C
impressed force F(t) impressed voltage or emf E
displacement x charge q
velocity v=dx/dt current i=dq/dt
EXAMPLE
#16
EXAMPLE
#16
EXAMPLE
#16
EXAMPLE
#17

Find i when t=0.1 second if L=2 henrys, R= 20 ohms, and

a. E= 10 volts; and
b. E= 100 volts.
EXAMPLE
#18

Find the inductance L if R= 20 ohms and i= 1 ampere when t= 0.01

second and
a. E= 40 volts
b. E= 200 volts
PRACTICE
EXERCISE
3.5
 PROGRESS
SCORE RATING
INDICATORS
INTERPRETATION
10 points EXCELLENT ENRICHMENT
    Congratulations! You can now proceed to the next lesson.

5-9 points AVERAGE REINFORCEMENT

    Good! Study the part/s where you commit mistake/s then
solve it over again until you get the exact answer/s.

0-4 points BELOW AVERAGE REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION

    Study again from the very beginning of this chapter. To
erase your difficulties, be able to use additional readings,
watch youtube, and other informative materials. Solve it
over again until you master the lesson and exercises, then
proceed to the next lesson. Good Luck!
 ASSIGNMENT 3.5

Solve the following.

1. An RL circuit has an emf of 5V, a resistance of 50 Ω, an inductance
of 1 H, and no initial current. Find the current in the circuit at any time t.
2. The steady-state current in a circuit is known to be . Rewrite this
current in the form .
3.Determine the current in a simple series RL circuit having a resistance
of 10 Ω, an inductance of 1.5 H, and an emf of 9 V if initially the current
is 6 A.
4. An RC circuit has an emf of 5 V, a resistance of 10 Ω, a capacitance
of , and initially a charge of 5 C on the capacitor. Find an expression for
the charge on the capacitor at any time t.
5. A resistor 5 Ω and a condenser 0.02 F are connected in series with a
battery E=100 V. if at t=0 the charge on the condenser is 5 C, find Q and
the current I for t>0.
3.6 MIXTURE
PROBLEMS
EXAMPLE
#19
A certain manufacturing plant has a mixing tank initially filled with
100 gallons of brine containing 1 lb of salt per gallon of solution. Brine
from another processing area containing 2 lbs of salt per gallon is
piped into this tank at the rate of 5 gallons per minute. The mixture is
kept uniform by constant stirring and flows out of the tank at the same
rate.
a. How much salt is in the tank after 10 minutes?
b. How long will it take for the salt content to reach 150 lbs?
EXAMPLE
#19
EXAMPLE
#19
EXAMPLE
#19
EXAMPLE
#19
EXAMPLE
#20

A tank contains initially 100 gal of brine holding 150 lb of

dissolved salt in solution. Salt water containing 1 lb of salt per gallon
enters the tank at the rate of 2 gals/min, and the brine flows out at
the same rate. If the mixture is kept uniform by stirring, find the
amount of salt in the tank at the end of 1 hr.
EXAMPLE
#21

A large tank holds 300 gallons of brine solution with 40 lbs of salt.
A concentration of 2lbs/gal is pumped in a rate of 4 gals/min. The
concentration leaving the tank is pumped out at a rate of 3 gals/min.
How much salt is in the tank after 12 minutes?
PRACTICE
EXERCISE
3.6
 PROGRESS
SCORE RATING
INDICATORS
INTERPRETATION
10 points EXCELLENT ENRICHMENT
    Congratulations! You can now proceed to the next lesson.

5-9 points AVERAGE REINFORCEMENT

    Good! Study the part/s where you commit mistake/s then
solve it over again until you get the exact answer/s.

0-4 points BELOW AVERAGE REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION

    Study again from the very beginning of this chapter. To
erase your difficulties, be able to use additional readings,
watch youtube, and other informative materials. Solve it
over again until you master the lesson and exercises, then
proceed to the next lesson. Good Luck!
ASSIGNMENT 3.6
3.7 VELOCITY OF ESCAPE FROM THE
EARTH

FIGURE 7
DERIVATION
EXAMPLE
#22
The radius of the moon is roughly 1080 miles. The acceleration of
gravity at the surface of the moon is about 0.165g, where g is the
acceleration of gravity at the surface of the earth. Determine the velocity of
escape for the moon.
EXAMPLE
#23

A spring of negligible weight hangs vertically. A mass of m slugs is

attached to the other end. If the mass is moving with velocity ft/s
when the spring is unstretched, find the velocity v as a function of the
stretch x in feet.
PRACTICE
EXERCISE
3.7
 PROGRESS
SCORE RATING
INDICATORS
INTERPRETATION
10 points EXCELLENT ENRICHMENT
    Congratulations! You can now proceed to the next lesson.

5-9 points AVERAGE REINFORCEMENT

    Good! Study the part/s where you commit mistake/s then
solve it over again until you get the exact answer/s.

0-4 points BELOW AVERAGE REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION

    Study again from the very beginning of this chapter. To
erase your difficulties, be able to use additional readings,
watch youtube, and other informative materials. Solve it
over again until you master the lesson and exercises, then
proceed to the next lesson. Good Luck!
 ASSIGNMENT 3.7

Solve the following.

1. A uniform chain of length a is placed on a horizontal frictionless table so
that a length of b of the chain dangles over the side. How long will it take for
the chain to slide off the table.
2. A body of mass m slugs falls from rest in a medium for which the resistance
(in pounds) is proportional to the square of the velocity (in feet per second). If
the terminal velocity is 150 ft/s, find the velocity at the end of 2 seconds and
the tie required for the velocity to become 100 ft/s.
Thank You!
Future Engineers!