Chapter 04

Lecture Outline
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 Chapter 4-Tissues
• What is a tissue?
group of cells with similar structure and
function plus extracellular substance (matrix)

• Histology:
study of tissues

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 Types of Tissues
1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscular

4. Nervous
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 Epithelial Tissues

• Location:
- cover body (internal and external)
- Ex. Skin, kidney, trachea, glands, etc.

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• Characteristics:
- cells close together (very little extracellular
matrix)
- form most glands
- have free surface
- Basal surface:
attaches epithelial cells to underlying tissues

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Functions of Epithelial Tissues
1. Protect:
Ex. Skin
2. Act as a barrier:
Ex. Skin keeps bacteria out
3. Diffusion and Filtration:
Ex. Lungs and kidneys
4. Secretion:
Ex. Sweat glands
5. Absorption:
Ex. Small intestine

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Classification of Epithelial Tissue
• Classified according to number of cell layers
and cell shape

• Simple and stratified = number of cell layers

• Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional= cell

shape

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 Types of Epithelial Tissues
• Simple Epithelium
Structure: 1 layer of cells

• Stratified Epithelium
Structure: many layers of cells

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• Simple Squamous
Structure: 1 layer of flat, tile-like cells
Function: diffusion and filtration
Location: blood vessels, lungs, heart, kidneys

• Simple Cuboidal
Structure: 1 layer of square-shaped cells
Function: secretion
Location: glands, ovaries, kidneys
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• Simple Columnar
Structure: 1 layer of tall, narrow cells
Function: secrete mucus and absorption
Location: stomach, intestines, resp. tract

• Pseudostratified Columnar
Structure: 1 layer of tall, narrow cells
appears stratified but isn’t
Function: secrete mucus and propel debris out of
resp. tract (cilia)
Location: nasal cavity and trachea

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• Stratified Squamous
Structure: many layers of flat, tile-like cells
Function: protect and acts as a barrier
Location: skin, mouth, throat, esophagus

• Transitional
Structure: special type of stratified epithelium;
changes shape
Function: hold fluids
Location: urinary bladder

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 Free Cell Surfaces
• Surface not in contact with other cells

• Smooth to reduce friction, Ex. Blood vessels

• Microvilli:
- increase cell’s surface area
- Ex. Small intestine

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• Cilia:
- move materials across cell’s surface
- Ex. Trachea

• Goblet cells:
- produce mucus
- Ex. Stomach

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 Cell Connections
• Tight junctions:
- bind adjacent cells together
- Ex. Intestines

• Desmosomes:
mechanical links that bind cells

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• Hemidesmosomes:
bind cells to basement membrane

• Gap junctions:
- small channels that allow molecules to pass
between cells
- allow cells to communicate
- most common

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 Figure 4.2

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 Glands
• What are they?
structures that secrete substances onto a surface, into
a cavity, or into blood
• Exocrine glands:
- glands with ducts
- Ex. Sweat or oil glands
• Endocrine glands:
– no ducts (directly into bloodstream)
– Ex. Thyroid, thymus, pituitary glands, etc.
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Types of Exocrine Glands
• Simple:
no branches
• Compound:
many branches

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 Connective Tissues Characteristics
• Cells far apart
• Contain large amounts of extracellular matrix
• Extracellular matrix contains 3 components (in
varying amounts): protein fibers, ground
substance, fluid
• Ground substance: proteins and sugars

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 Types of Protein Fibers
• Collagen fibers:
look like ropes and are flexible but resist
stretching
• Reticular fibers:
supporting network that fills spaces
between organs and tissues
• Elastic fibers:
recoil after being stretched

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Functions of Connective Tissue
1. Enclose and separate:
Ex. around organs and muscles

2. Connect tissues:
Ex. Tendons: connect bone to muscle
Ex. Ligaments: connect bone to bone

3. Support and Movement:

Ex. bones
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4. Storage:
Ex. bones store calcium and adipose tissue
stores fat
5. Cushion and insulate:
Ex. adipose tissue protects organs and helps
conserve heat
6. Transport:
Ex. Blood
7. Protect:
Ex. Immune cells
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Types of Connective Tissue Proper
• Loose
Location: between organs, muscles, glands, skin
Structure: collagen fibers far apart
Function: support and protect

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• Dense
Location: tendons, ligaments, skin
Structure: collagen fibers packed close together
Function: connect and can withstand pulling
forces
• Adipose
Location: under skin and around organs
Structure: collagen and elastic fibers, cells filled
with lipids
Function: storage, insulate, cushion
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 Cartilage
• Type of connective tissue
• Composed of chondrocytes
• Contains collagen
• Withstands compressions
• Provides support, flexibility, strength

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 Types of Cartilage
• Hyaline cartilage
Location: covers ends of bones
Structure: some collagen fibers
Function: reduces friction (cushion)

• Fibrocartilage
Location: between vertebra
Structure: lots of collagen fibers
Function: can withstand compression 41
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• Elastic cartilage
Location: ear and tip of nose
Structure: elastic fibers
Function: can recoil

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 Bone
• Hard connective tissue

• 2 types: compact and spongy

• Composed of osteocytes

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 Blood
• Liquid connective tissue

• Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

• Transport food, oxygen, waste, hormones

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 Muscular Tissue
Muscle type Nucleus/i Nucleus/i location Striated

Skeletal many peripheral Y

(most muscle)

Cardiac 1 centrally Y
(heart)

Smooth 1 centrally N
(organs)
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 Nervous Tissue
• Consist of neurons or nerve cells

• Found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

• Controls and coordinates body movements

• Includes axons, dendrites, cell bodies

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 Tissue Repair
• What is it?
substitution of dead cells for viable
cells

• Regeneration:
cells of same type develop (no scar)

• Replacement:
cells of a different type develop (scar)
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 Inflammation
• Occurs when tissues are damaged

• Signals the body’s defenses (white blood cells)

to destroy foreign materials and damaged cells
so repair can occur.

• Chemical mediators:
- released after injury
- cause dilation of blood vessels
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Symptoms of Inflammation
1. Redness: blood vessels dilate

2. Heat: due to increased blood flow

3. Swelling: from water and proteins

4. Pain: nerve endings are stimulated by

damage and swelling

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Splinter
Bacteria
introduced

1 A splinter in the skin causes damage and

introduces bacteria. Chemical mediators of
inflammation are released or activated in injured 1 Epidermis
tissues and adjacent blood vessels. Some blood
vessels rupture, causing bleeding.

2 Chemical mediators cause capillaries to dilate

and the skin to become red. Chemical 2 Dermis
mediators also increase capillary permeability,
and fluid leaves the capillaries, producing
swelling (arrows). Blood
vessel

Bacteria
proliferating

3 White blood cells (e.g., neutrophils) leave the

dilated blood vessels and move to the site of
3
bacterial infection, where they begin to
phagocytize bacteria and other debris.

Neutrophil
phagocytizing
bacteria Neutrophil
migrating through
blood vessel wall
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 END

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