STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS1.

SEYFE NIGUSSIE
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
EMAIL: n.seyfe@gmail.com
Bahir dar University
Bahir dar Institution of technology
Structural Engineering Stream

STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS
SEYFE NIGUSSIE
 Introduction
WHAT IS STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS ?
 Dynamics concerned with the study of force and motion which are time dependent

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 Dynamic load is any load of which its magnitude, direction , and/or position varies with
time.
 The structural response to a dynamic load , i.e., the resulting stresses and deflection, is
also time varying, or dynamic
Fundamental Objective of Structural Dynamics
The primary purpose of the course is to present Methods for analyzing the stresses and
deflection developed in any given type of structure when it is subjected to an arbitrary
dynamic loading
 Two basically different approaches are available for evaluating structural re­sponse to
dynamic loads:(based on how loading is defined )
1. Deterministic Analysis and
2. Nondeterministic Analysis
 Dynamic Analysis Approaches

Deterministic Analysis

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 The structural response i.e. displacement, acceleration ,velocity ,stress etc., are
completely known precisely as a function of time
 Requires prefect control over all the variables that influence the properties and
loadings
 Also known as prescribed dynamic loading

Nondeterministic Analysis
 The time variation of vibration is not completely known
 It provides only statistical information about the response statically defined loading
 Also known as random dynamic loading
 TYPES OF PRESCRIBED LOADINGS
 Classified in two categories , ‘ Periodic ‘ and ‘ Non-Periodic “
Periodic Loadings ;

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 loads which exhibit the same time variation successively for the large number of cycles.
 The simplest form of periodic loading is a sinusoidal variation which termed as ‘simple harmonic ‘
 e.g. hydrodynamic pressures generated by a propeller at the stern of a ship or by inertial effects in
reciprocating machinery
 Cont..
Non-Periodic Loadings

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 Loadings which doesn't exhibit the same time variation successively
 It may be short duration (blast or explosion ) or long duration impulsive loadings
(earthquake)
 Comparison of static loading and dynamic loading

i. In static problem load is constant while in dynamic problem the load and its responses varies
with respect to time

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ii. Static problem has only one response ,i.e. displacement but dynamic problem has three
responses ,such as displacement, velocity and acceleration
iii. Static problem only one solution whereas a dynamic problem has infinite number of solutions
which are time dependent in nature
iv. In static problem response can be calculated by the principle of force or static equilibrium
whereas in dynamic problem the response depend not only upon the load but also upon the
inertia force which oppose the acceleration
Causes of dynamic effects

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 The most common types
a) Initial condition ; such as velocity and displacement produce dynamic effect in the system e.g.
the lift moving up and down suddenly stopped ,the cabin start to vibrate
b) Applied force ; application of the external force e.g. bomb blast or wind force on the building
c) Support motion ; the influence of support motion e.g. earthquake
 Basic definitions
 Mass ; dynamically ,it is the property that describe how an unrestricted body resist the
application of an external force (W/g) kgs

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 Stiffness ;force required to produce unite deformation or elastic property that describe the
level of resisting force that result when a body undergo a change in length (N/m)

 Natural period ;time required to complete one cycle of free vibration (second)

 Frequency ;number of cycles per unit time f=1/T

 Natural frequency ; the number of frequency of free vibration

 Amplitude ; the maximum displacement or deformation of a vibrating system from mean
position
 Basic definitions
 Free vibration ; vibration which persists in structure after the force causing the motion has
been removed

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 Forced vibration ;the vibrating which maintained in a structure by steady periodic force act
on structure

 Fundamental mode of vibration ;the fundamental mode of vibration of a structure is the

mode having the lowest natural frequency

 Damping ;the resistance to the motion of vibrating body and the vibration is called damped
vibration(N/m/s)

 Resonance ;when the frequency of the external force is equal with one of the natural
frequency of the vibrating system, the amplitude of the vibrating system become
excessively large
 Type of vibration

1. Free and Forced vibration

Free vibration ; vibration which persists in a structure after

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the force causing the motion has been removed
Forced vibration ;vibration maintained in a structure by
steady periodic force acting on the structure

2. Damped and undamped vibration

damped vibration ;when there is no damping element
Undamped vibration ;when there is damping element

3. Linear and Non-Linear vibration ;

4. Deterministic and random vibration
5. Longitudinal, transversal and torsional vibration
Response of the system

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 If dynamic force is applied on the structure ,it produce displacement, velocity,
acceleration and also develops stress, strain ,reaction etc.
 A motion due to initial condition is generally known as free vibration and when the
motion is due to applied force ,it is known as forced response
 DEGREE OF FREDOM

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Degree of Freedom is the number of coordinates necessary to specify the position or geometry
of mass point at any instant during its vibration

 All real structures possess infinite number of dynamic degree of freedom.

 Depending on the independent coordinates required to describe the motion ,systems divided
into three

a) single degree of freedom system(SDOF system)

b) Multiple degree of freedom system(MDOF system)
c) Continuous system
Single degree of freedom system(SDOF system)
If a single coordinate is sufficient to define the position or geometry of the mass of the
system at any instant of time

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Multiple degree of freedom system(MDOF system)
If more than one independent coordinate is required to completely specify the position or
geometry of different masses of the system at any instant of time

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Continuous system (distributed system)
If the mass of a system may be considered to be distributed over its entire length, in which
the mass is considered to have infinite degrees of freedom
 Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
 Harmonic motion is one of the form of periodic motion
 Can be represented in terms of circular sine and cosine function

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SHM
1.periodic
2.when displaced from the fixed point or the mean position, a restoring force acting on the
particle to bring it to mean position
3.The restoring force on the particle is
directly proportional to its displacement
Consider the harmonic motion of type
x =A sin ( + Ф )
Where x - is the displacement
A - is the amplitude
- is the frequency
Ф – is the phase angle
 SHM
 Displacement x =A sin ( + Ф )
 The velocity and the acceleration are

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= velocity = = A cos ( + Ф )
= acceleration = = -A sin ( + Ф )
For the maximum value of displacement , sin ( + Ф ) =1 ,
To get the maximum value of velocity , cos ( + Ф ) =1 ,
To get the maximum value of acceleration , sin ( + Ф ) =1 ,

At mean position –velocity is max, acceleration is zero, KE is max, PE is zero

At position of vibration – velocity is zero ,acceleration is maximum, KE is zero , PE is max
Representation of harmonic motion in complex form

vector form of x = x + yi makes an angle θ with X axis

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X = A cos θ + i A sin θ = A
Where A is the modular or the absolute value of vector X
θ=
Velocity = = iAω = = iω since θ =
Acceleration = =A = -A =-x
Phase –is difference between tow SHM indicates how much the two motions are out of
steps with each other or how much angle or how much time one is ahead of the other
Consequence of vibration
Vibration of structures is undesirable for a number of reasons ,

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a) Overstressing and collapse of structure,
b) Cracking and other damage requiring repair,
c) Damage to safety related equipment’,
d) Reduce performance of equipment or delicate apparatus,
e) Adverse human response,
f) Fatigue fracture
Vibration control in the design of structures
 The three steps in design of structures for dynamic loading
1. Identifying the dynamic loading

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2. Analyze the response of the structure
3. Check the performance of the structure against specified criteria to ensure that there is
no adverse consequence of the dynamic load
But the dynamic analysis should not be left until the end, some method must be used to
minimize its effect, such as;
 Careful detailing of expansion joints, provide smooth surfaces
 Increase the cross-section of floors
 Provide sufficient ductility
 Special vibration absorbing devices or vibration isolation methods
 etc
Example
1.1. A harmonic motion has a time period of 0.2 s and an amplitude of 0.4 cm

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Find the maximum velocity acceleration and velocity.

1.2. A harmonic motion has a maximum velocity of 6 m/s and it has a frequency
of 12 cps. determine its amplitude ,its period and its maximum acceleration.
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The end of chapter
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