PHYSICAL

AND
SEXUAL SELF
ABSTRACTION
 Marieb, E.N. (2001) explains that
the gonads (reproductive glands that
produce the gametes: testis or
ovary) begin to form until about the
eight week of embryonic
development.
 During the early stages of human
development, the embryonic reproductive
structures of males and females are alike and
are said to be in the indifferent stages.
 Theformation of male or female structure
depends on the presence of testosterone.
 Any intervention with the normal pattern of
sex hormone production in the embryo results
in strange abnormalities.
 Psuedohermaphrodites are formed who are
individuals having accessory reproductive
structures that do not “match” their gonads while
true hermaphrodites are individuals who possess
both ovarian and testicular tissues but this
condition is rare in nature.
 Nowadays, many pseudohermaphrodites undergo
sex change operation to have their outer selves
(external genitalia) fit with their inner selves
(gonads).
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
THE FEMALE REPROCTIVE SYSTEM
 CRYPTORCHIDISM
This condition occurs in
young males and causes sterility,
that is why surgery is usually
performed during childhood to
solve this problem.
 PHIMOSIS

Which is due to a narrowing of

the foreskin of the male
reproductive structure and
misplaced urethral openings.
 PUBERTY
Is the period of life, generally between
the ages of 10 and 15 years old, when the
reproductive organs grow to their adult size
and become functional under the influence of
rising levels of gonadal hormones
(testosterone in males and estrogen in
females).
 In males, puberty occur at the
age of 13, characterized by the
increase in the size of the
reproductive organs followed by the
appearance, and their reproductive
organs continue to grow for two years
until sexual maturation.
 In females, puberty occur at the
age of 11, female experience
menarche which happens two years
after the start of puberty, and the
budding of their breasts usually is the
signal.
 DISEASES
ASSOCIATED
WITH THE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
 INFECTIONS

In females, Vaginal infections

are more common in young and elderly
women. The usual infections caused by
Escherichia coli, which spread through
the digestive tract.
 Vaginal infections that are left
untreated may spread throughout
the female reproductive tract and
may cause pelvic inflammatory
diseases and sterility, painful or
abnormal menses may also be due
to infection or hormone imbalance.
 In males, the most common
inflammatory conditions are
prostatitis, urethritis, and
epididymitis, all of which may
follow sexual contacts in which
STD microorganisms are
transmitted.
 Prostatitis

It is swelling and inflammation of

the prostate gland, a walnut-sized gland
situated directly below the bladder in
men, causes painful or difficult urination.
 Urethritis

It is a condition in which the tube that

carries urine from the bladder to outside
the body, becomes inflamed and irritated,
typically causes pain while urinating and
an increased urge to urinate. And it is not
the same as a urinary tract infection (UTI).
 Epididymitis

It is an inflammation of the coiled

tube (epididymis) at the back of the
testicle that stores and carries sperm,
most often caused by a bacterial
infection, including sexually
transmitted infections (STIs), such as
gonorrhea or chlamydia.
 Orchiditis, or inflammation
of the testes, is rather
uncommon but is serious
because it can cause sterility,
most commonly follows
mumps in an adult male.
 Neoplasms are a major threat to
reproductive organs.
 Breast and cervix are the most
common reproductive cancers in
adult females, and prostate cancer (a
common sequel to prostatic
hypertrophy) is a widespread
problem in adult males.
 A natural decrease in ovarian
function usually follows
characterized by reduced
estrogen production that
causes irregular ovulation and
shorter menstrual periods.
 Ovulation and menses stop
entirely, ending childbearing
ability is called Menopause,
which occurs when females
no longer experience
menstruation.
 The production of estrogen
may still continue after
menopause but the ovaries
finally stop functioning as
endocrine organs.
 Estrogen

In women, estrogen is produced

mainly in the ovaries. Ovaries are
grape-sized glands located by the
uterus and are part of the endocrine
system, is also produced by fat cells
and the adrenal gland.
 If the estrogen is no longer
released from the body, the
vagina become dry that causes
intercourse to become painful,
the breast begin to atrophy or
shrink and vaginal infections
become increasingly common.
 Theother consequences of estrogen
deficiency is irritability and other
mood changes, intense vasodilation
of the skin’s blood vessels, gradual
thinning of the skin and loss of bone
mass and slowly rising blood
cholesterol levels.
 Thereis no counterpart for
menopause in males. Although
aging men show a steady decline
in testosterone secretion, their
reproductive capability seems
unending.
 Testosterone

It is a male hormone that is important

for sexual and reproductive development. It
involved in the development of male sex
organs before birth, and the development of
secondary sex characteristics at puberty, such
as voice deepening, increased penis and
testes size, and growth of facial and body hair.
Healthy men are still able to
father offspring well into
their 80s and can produce a
sperm even at the age of
90.
 Erogenous Zones
It refers to parts of the body that are
primarily receptive and increase sexual
arousal when touched a sexual manner,
and may vary from one person to another.
The mouth, breasts, genitals, and anus are
the commonly known erogenous zones.
 Some people may enjoy being
touched in a certain area more
than the other areas. The neck,
thighs, abdomen, and feet, are
the other common areas of the
body that can easily aroused.
 Human Sexual Behavior
It is defined as any activity
– solitary, between two persons,
or in a group - that induces sexual
arousal (Gebhard, P.H. 2017).
Two major factors that
determine human
sexual behavior
The inherited sexual
response patterns.
The degree of restraint
 Theinherited sexual response
patterns that have evolved as a
means of ensuring reproduction
and that become part of each
individual’s genetic inheritance.
The degree of restraint or
other types of influence
exerted on the individual by
society in the expression of
his sexuality.
 Types of Behavior
The various types of human sexual
behavior are usually classified according to
the gender and number of participants.
1. Solitary Behavior

Involving only one individual.

 Self-gratification

It means self-stimulation that leads to

sexual arousal and generally, sexual
climax.
There are more males who perform
acts of self-gratification than females.
Males and females have
fantasies of some
sociosexual activity while
they gratify themselves.
 Nowadays, humans are frequently
being exposed sexual stimuli
especially from advertising and social
media. Adolescents need to control
their sexual response in order to
prevent premarital sex acquire
sexually transmitted diseases (STD).
2. Sociosexual Behavior
Involving more than one
person.
It is generally divided into
heterosexual behavior and
homosexual behavior.
 Heterosexual Behavior
It is the greatest amount of
sociosexual behavior that occurs between
only one male and one female. Physical
contact involving necking or petting is
considered as an ingredient of the learning
process and eventually of courtship and the
selection of a marriage partner.
 Petting

Differs from hugging, kissing, and

generalized caresses of the clothed
body to practice involving stimulation
of the genitals, may be done as an
expression of affection and a source
of pleasure, preliminary to coitus.
 Petting is important not only in
selecting the partner but as a
way of learning how to interact
with another person sexually.
 Coitus
The insertion of the
male reproductive structure
into the female reproductive
organ.
 Premarital coitus – is more likely
to be tolerated but not
encouraged if the individuals
intend marriage, it is majority of
human societies allow.
 Marital coitus – in most societies
it is considered as an obligation.
 Extramarital coitus – is allowed
only under exceptional conditions
or with specified persons,
involving wives.
 Postmarital coitus - is almost
always ignored.
A Behavior may be
interpreted by society or the
individual as Erotic.
 A kiss
may be interpreted as a
gesture of expression or
intimacy between couples
while others interpret it as a
form of respect or reverence,.
Physiology of Human
Sexual Response
 1. Excitement Phase – it is
caused by increase in pulse
and blood pressure.
 2. Plateau Phase – it is
generally of brief duration. If
the stimulation is continued.
Orgasm usually occurs.
 3. Sexual Climax – it is marked by
a feeling or abrupt, intense
pleasure, a rapid increase in pulse
rate and blood pressure, and
spasms of the pelvic muscles.
 4.Resulotion Phase – it is the
last stage that refers to the
return to a normal or
subnormal physiological state.
 NERVOUS SYSTEM FACTORS
The entire nervous system plays
a significant role during sexual response.
The autonomic system, is involved in
controlling the involuntary responses. The
brain cerebrospinal nerves, transmit
the sensory messages to the brain.
 The brain will interpret the sensory message
and dictate what will be the immediate and
appropriate response of the body.
Cerebrospinal nerves, receive the
commands from the brain and send them to
the muscles, spinal cord serves as a great
transmission cable, sexual response, is
dependent on the activity of the nervous
system.
 Thehypothalamus and the
limbic system, are the parts of
the brain believed to be
responsible for regulating the
sexual response, but there is no
specialized “sex center” that has
been located in the human brain.
 SEXUAL PROBLEMS
May classified as
physiological, psychological,
and social in origin.
 Physiological Problems
Are the least among the three
categories. Only a small number of
people suffer from diseases that are due
to abnormal development of the
genitalia or that part of the
neurophysiology controlling sexual
response.
 Physiologicconditions that can
disturb sexual response include
vaginal infections, retroverted
uteri, prostatitis, adrenal tumors,
diabetes, senile changes of the
vagina, and the cardiovascular
problems .
 Psychological problems
Comprise by far the largest
category. They are usually caused
by socially induced inhibitions,
maladaptive attitudes, ignorance,
and sexual myths held by society.
Resulting negatives
emotions can definitely
affect the behavior of an
individual.
 Premature emission of semen
Is a common problem, especially for
young males.
Erectile impotence, is almost always of
psychological origin in males under 40; in
older males, physical causes are more
often involved.
 Theimpotence, may be the result of
disinterest in the sexual partner,
fatigue, and distraction because of
nonsexual worries, intoxication, or
other causes – such occasional
impotency is common and requires
no therapy.
 Ejaculatory impotence
Results from the inability
to ejaculate in coitus, is
uncommon and is usually of
psychogenic origin.
 Vaginismus

A strong spasm of the pelvic

musculature constricting the
female reproductive organ so that
penetration is painful or
impossible.
Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
Are infections from an infected
person to an uninfected person through
sexual contact, can be caused by bacteria,
viruses, or parasites.
 STDsare significant global
health priority, it can lead to
long-term health problems,
usually in women and infant.
 The health complications that arise from
STDs are: pelvic inflammatory diseases,
infertility, tubal or ectopic pregnancy,
cervical cancer, and perinatal.
 Oneof the leading STDs worldwide is
AIDS, which is caused by HIV.
STD’s
can cause also a
PROSTATE
ENLARGEMENT.
 Other STDs of humans based
on the U.S Department of Health
and Human Services Centers for
Diseases Control and Prevention
(2016).
1.Chlamydia
It is a common STD caused by bacteria
called chlamydia trachomatis, it can infect both
men and women.
Women can get chlamydia in the cervix,
rectum, or throat.
Men can get chlamydia in the urethra
(inside the penis).
 Women can also pass chlamydia to her baby
during childbirth, either eye infections,
pneumonia, and early born of the baby.
 Untreatedchlamydia may also
increase your chances of
getting or giving HIV/ AIDS.
2. Gonorrhea
It is very common infection,
especially among young people ages 15-
24 years old.
It can cause infections in the
genitals, rectum, and throat. Like
chlamydia, gonorrhea can give also the
infection to the baby if you are pregnant.
 Gonorrhea can be treated with
antibiotics. If left untreated, it
can cause PID and infertility.
 3. Syphilis
It can cause serious
health problems if it is not
treated.
 Syphilisis divided into stages;
Primary
Secondary
Latent
Tertiary
 Primary

You may notice a single sore or

multiple sores.
The sore is the location where
syphilis entered your body, usually
firm, round, and painless. The sore
usually lasts 3 to 6 weeks.
 Secondary

You may have skin rashes and/or mucous

membrane lesions.
Mucous membrane lesions are sores in
your mouth, vagina, or anus. This stage usually
starts with a rash on one or more areas of your
body. The rash can look like rough, red, or
reddish brown spots on the palms of your
hands or feet.
 Latent

Is a period of time when there are no

visible signs or symptoms of syphilis.
If you do not receive treatment, you
can continue to have syphilis in your
body for years without any signs or
symptoms.
 Tertiary

It can affect many different organ systems,

it includes the heart, blood vessels, the brain,
and the nervous system.
It is very serious and would occur 10-30
years after your infection began, the disease
damages your internal organs and can result in
death.
4. Chancroid
Caused by infection with the
bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi.
Clinical manifestations include
genital ulcers and inguinal
lymphadenopathy or buboes.
5.Human Papillomavirus
It is common in the United States and there are
approximately 14 million newly diagnosed cases of
human papillomavirus (HPV) annually.
HPV may not cause symptoms at once, but they
can appear years later. Some types can lead to
warts, while others can cause cancer.
Common symptoms of some types of HPV are
warts, especially genital warts.
6. Herpes Simplex Virus
It is an infection that causes herpes. Herpes can
appear in various parts of the body, most commonly on
the genitals or mouth. There are two types of the herpes
simplex virus.
HSV-1: primarily causes oral herpes, and is generally
responsible for cold sores and fever blisters around the
mouth and on the face.
HSV-2: primarily causes genital herpes, and is generally
responsible for genital herpes outbreaks.
7. Trichomonas Vaginalis
It is a common sexually transmitted
protozoal infection associated with adverse
health outcomes such as preterm birth and
symptomatic vaginitis.
It affects women more than men, and
older women tend to get it more than
younger ones.
Natural and
Artificial Methods of
Contraception
 NaturalMethod
The natural family planning
methods do not involve any
chemical or foreign body
introduction into the human
body.
 People who are very conscious of their religious beliefs are more
inclined to use the natural way of birth control and others follow
such natural methods because they are more cost-effective.
A. Abstinence
B. Calendar Method
C. Basal Body Temperature
D. Cervical Mucus Method
E. Symptothermal Method
F. Ovulation Detection
G. Coitus Interruptus
 Artificial
Methods
There are many diverse
methods of artificial birth control
available on the worldwide
market. The most commonly used
method still comes in pill form.
A. Oral Contraceptives
B. Transdermal Patch
C. Vaginal Ring
D. Subdermal Implants
E. Hormonal Injections
F. Intrauterine Device
G. Chemical Barriers
H. Diaphragm
I. Cervical Cap
J. Male Condoms
K. Female Condoms
L. Surgical Methods
In males, Vasectomy, a small
incision is made on each side of the
scrotum.
In females, Tubal Ligation, is
performed after menstruation and
before ovulation.
 Vasectomy
 Tubal Ligation