Fluid Mechanics CE-206

FLUID MECHANICS I
CE - 206

Lecture 01

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 INTRODUCTION

• Fluid Mechanics: It may be defined as that branch of

engineering science that deals with the behavior of fluid
under the conditions of rest and motion
• Fluid is a substance
• The particles of which easily move and change position
• That will continuously deform
• Hydraulics: It is that branch of Engineering Science that
deals with water (at rest and In motion)

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 FLUID MECHANICS OVERVIEW

Fluid Mechanics

Gas Liquids Statics Kinematics/Dynamics

F 0 i  F  0 , Flows
i

Air, H, Ar, N2, Water, Oils, Stability

Alcohols, Buoyancy
etc. Pressure Compressible/
etc.
Incompressible
Laminar/
Surface
Turbulent
Tension
Steady/Unsteady
Compressibility Density Viscosity Vapor
Viscous/Inviscid
Pressure
Chapter 1: Introduction Fluid Dynamics:
Chapter 2: Fluid Statics
Rest of Course
 5

GOALS
The goal is that you will:
1. Have fundamental knowledge of fluids:
2. Know the fundamental laws of mechanics as
applied to fluids.
3. Understand the limitations of theoretical analysis
4. Be capable of applying the relevant theory to
solve problems.

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 6
STATES OF MATTER
There are three states of matter: solids, liquids and gases.
• According to our experience: A solid is “hard” and not easily
deformed. A fluid is “soft” and deforms easily.
• A fluid is a substance that flows under the action of shearing forces.
If a fluid is at rest, we know that the forces on it are in balance.
• Both liquids and gases are classified as fluids.
• Fluids do not resist a change in shape. Therefore fluids assume the
shape of the container they occupy.
• Liquids may be considered to have a fixed volume and therefore
can have a free surface. Liquids are almost incompressible.
• Conversely, gases are easily compressed and will expand to fill a
container they occupy.
• We will usually be interested in liquids, either at rest or in motion.

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUIDS

• Gas or liquid state

• “Large” molecular spacing relative to a solid

• “Weak” intermolecular attractive forces

• Can not resist a shear stress in a stationary state

• Will take the shape of its container

• Generally considered a continuum

• Viscosity distinguishes different types of fluids

 8

Flu
is id Me
con ch a
beh cer nics
av n e
and ior o d w
in m f f ith
otio luid the
n s a
t r
est

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 9

BRANCHES OF FLUID MECHANICS

Field of Fluid Mechanics can be divided into 3 branches:

Fluid Statics: mechanics of incompressible fluids at rest state

Fluid Kinematics: deals with velocities and streamlines without

considering forces or energy

Fluid Dynamics: deals with the relations between velocities and

accelerations and forces exerted by or upon fluids in motion

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 Fluid Statics
Basic Principles:
 Fluid is at rest : no shear forces
 Pressure is the only force acting

What are the forces acting on the

block?
 Air pressure on the surface - neglect
 Weight of the water above the block
 Pressure only a function of depth
 11

SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Mechanics of fluids is extremely important in many areas of engineering
and science. Examples are:
Biomechanics
• Blood flow through arteries
• Flow of cerebral fluid

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 12

SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Meteorology and Ocean Engineering

• Movements of air currents and water currents

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 13

SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Chemical Engineering
• Design of chemical processing equipment

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 14

SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Mechanical Engineering
• Design of pumps
• Turbines

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 15

SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Mechanical Engineering
• Design of Air-conditioning equipment

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 16

SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Mechanical Engineering
• Design of pollution-control equipment, etc.

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 17

CIVIL ENGINEERING & FLUID MECHANICS

Why are we studying fluid mechanics in a Civil Engineering
course?
• The provision of adequate water services such as the supply
of potable water,
• Drainage of storm water,
• Sewerage system
• Irrigation system
• Floods control and many more
These are the service that are to be
provided by Civil Engineers

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 18

SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Civil Engineering
• Transport of river sediments

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 19

SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Civil Engineering
• Design of piping systems

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 20

SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Civil Engineering
• Water supply system

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 21

SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Civil Engineering
• Drainage system

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 22

SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Civil Engineering
• Flood control systems

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 23

SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

• Fluid mechanics is involved in nearly all areas of
Civil Engineering either directly or indirectly.
• Some examples of direct involvement are those
where we are concerned with manipulating the fluid:
• Sea and river (flood) defenses;
• Water distribution / sewerage (sanitation) networks;
• Hydraulic design of water/sewage treatment works;
• Dams;
• Irrigation;
• Pumps and Turbines;
• Water retaining structures.
Fluid Mechanics CE-206
 24

SCOPE OF FLUID MECHANICS

• And some examples where the primary object is construction - yet
analysis of the fluid mechanics is essential:
• Flow of air in buildings;
• Bridge piers in rivers;
• Ground-water flow

NOTICE HOW NEARLY ALL OF THESE INVOLVE WATER.

THE FOLLOWING COURSE, ALTHOUGH INTRODUCING
GENERAL FLUID FLOW IDEAS AND PRINCIPLES, BUT
WILL DEMONSTRATE MANY OF THESE PRINCIPLES
THROUGH EXAMPLES WHERE THE FLUID IS WATER.

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 25

It is very likely that during your career as an

engineer you will be involved in the analysis and
design of systems that require a good understanding
of fluid mechanics.

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 26

Although it is not possible to adequately cover all of the

important areas of fluid mechanics within one book,
it is hoped that this introductory text will provide a sound
foundation of the fundamental aspects of fluid mechanics

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 27

ARCHIMEDES
The fundamental principles of hydrostatics were
given by Archimedes in his work On Floating
Bodies, around 250 BC. In it, Archimedes develops
the law of buoyancy, also known as Archimedes'
Principle.

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 28

THE ALEXANDRIAN SCHOOL

In the Greek school at Alexandria, which flourished under
the auspices of the Ptolemies, attempts were made at the
construction of hydraulic machinery, and about 120 BC
the fountain of compression, the siphon, and the forcing-
pump were invented by Ctesibius and Hero.

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 29

MIDDLE AGES

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 30

ISLAMICATE PHYSICISTS

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 31

ISLAMICATE PHYSICISTS
Islamicate scientists, particularly Abu Rayhan Biruni (973–1048) and
later Al-Khazini (fl. 1115–1130), were the first to apply experimental
scientific methods to fluid mechanics, especially in the field of fluid
statics, such as for determining specific weights
In fluid statics, Biruni discovered that there is a correlation between
the specific gravity of an object and the volume of water it
displaces.
Abu Rayhan Biruni and Al-Khazini

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 32

ISLAMICATE PHYSICISTS
• He also recorded the differences in weight between freshwater and
saline water, and between hot water and cold water.

• During his experiments on fluid mechanics, Biruni invented the conical

measure, in order to find the ratio between the weight of a substance in air
and the weight of water displaced.

• Al-Khazini, in The Book of the Balance of Wisdom (1121), invented a

hydrostatic balance

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 33

ISLAMICATE ENGINEERS

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 34

BANU MUSA BROTHERS AND AL- JAZARI

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 35

ISLAMICATE ENGINEERS
In the 9th century, Banu Musa brothers' Book of Ingenious Devices described a
number of early automatic controls in fluid mechanics

According to Donald Routledge Hill, the Banu Musa brothers were "masters in
the exploitation of small variations" in hydrostatic pressures and in using conical
valves as "in-line" components in flow systems, "the first known use of conical
valves as automatic controllers.“

Fluid Mechanics CE-206

 36

ISLAMICATE ENGINEERS
In 1206, Al-Jazari's Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical
Devices described many hydraulic machines. Of particular
importance were his water-raising pumps. The first known use of a
crankshaft in a chain pump was in one of al-Jazari's saqiya machines.

Al-Jazari also invented a twin-cylinder reciprocating piston suction

pump, which included the first suction pipes, suction pumping, double-
action pumping, and made early uses of valves and a crankshaft-
connecting rod mechanism

Fluid Mechanics CE-206