Introduction to IS and Computers

Week 2
[[[

Dr. Rana Singh

Professor in Management and
Asst. Dean
www.ranasingh.org
88 66 97 11 03
 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
• It is the acquisition, processing,
storage & dissemination of vocal,
pictorial, textual & numerical
information.
• Making the best use of
microelectronics based combo of
computing &
telecommunications.
• Term in modern sense appeared
first time in 1958 in HBR( Harvard
Business Review).
 Major Roles of Information Systems
• Support of Strategic Advantage
• Support of Managerial Decision
Making
• Support of Business Operations
Support of
Strategic
Advantage

Support of
Managerial Decision
Making

Support of Business
Operations
 Types of Information Systems
• Transaction Processing Systems
• Management Information
Systems
• Office Automation Systems
• Communication Systems
• Groupware System
• Decision Support System
• Analytical DSS
• Executive Support Systems
• Expert Systems
• Knowledge Work Systems
Transaction Processing Systems
• A set of information
technologies that work
together to process, store ,
collect and distribute
information.
• Major parts -
- Hardware
- Software
- Data bases
- Network.
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
• A set of information
technologies that work
together to process, store ,
collect and distribute
information.
• Major parts -
- Hardware
- Software
- Data bases
- Network.
 HARDWARE

• The components of computer which we

can touch and see refers to the
hardware.
• In this it involves CPU & its peripherals.
- Keyboard
- Monitor
- Printer
- Mouse
- Headphones.
- Speakers
 SOFTWARE
• Core area for storage of data and information.
• It helps in interacting with a machine.
• It allows user to enter data & after processing to display output.
• For example-
- MS Office.
- Games
- Windows
- Application Software's.
- DOS
- Unix
• Performance of computer depends purely on software's.
• It means a set of instructions given to a computer.
• In simple words it controls the operations of computer.
• Software are of two types-
- Application Software.
- system software.
• Hardware and software are inter-dependent on each other.
 DATABASES
• It is an organized collection of data
for one or more purpose, usually in
digital form.
• Data is managed up to some level
of quality.
• It is measured in terms of –
- accuracy.
- availability.
- usability.
- Resilience.
• Complex software system that
meets requirements is called –
DBMS i.e. Data base management
system.
 NETWORK
• Collection of computers and devices interconnected by communication
channels.
• It facilitates the communications and allows sharing of resources &
information.
• Datacom is engineering discipline concerned with computer networks.
• Communication system connecting two or more computers. -
- LAN: Local Area Network
- MAN: Metropolitan Area Network
- WAN: Wide Area Network
 MAN
LAN
 ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION SYSTEMS
• Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
• Office Automation Systems (OAS)
• Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)
• Management Information Systems
(MIS)
• Decision Support Systems (DSS)
• Executive Information Systems (EIS)
• Inter Organizational Systems (IOS)
 FUNCTIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
• Finance and Accounting Systems
• Marketing and Sales Systems
• Manufacturing and Operations Systems
• Human Resources Management Systems
 APPLICATION OF IT

1- In Business ( website advertisement etc.)

2- In Industry ( Robot Machine, Inventory control).
3- In Home ( shopping & banking, reservations, entertainments etc).
4- Education & Training (school & colleges).
5- Engineering (CAD & CAE main IT applications).
6- Science & Medicine ( scientist, physicians, astronauts for satellites
developments).
 WHERE IS IT HEADED?

• Miniaturization

• Speed

• Affordability

THEN -1946 NOW

 Strategic Information Systems
Important Questions
• How important it is to align business strategies with IT?
• How IT becomes a common utility for everyone?
• How will advances in IT affect competition and the source
of competitive advantage?
• What strategies should a company pursue to exploit the
technology?
• What are the implications of actions that competing
organizations may have already taken?
• Of many technologies, which is the most important?
 Uses of Information Systems
Uses
• Innovation in delivering world class products and services
• Seamless flow of data for decision-making process
• Dynamic Role
• Reduction in costs of obtaining, processing and transmitting information
• TPS emerging as critical business application and using TPS for strategic advantage
• Speed and Accuracy and affordability
• Capturing Business Data and managing routine operational activities
• MIS systems like Acct. I S, Sales Mgt. Sys., HRIS, Mgf. IS, helped middle managers to
monitor business effectively.
• Decision support System and Executive Support System facilitated Decision making.
• Global reach and real time service to customers and stakeholders
 Information Revolution Impacts Competition
Impact
• Changes Industry Structure
• Alters the rule of competition (e.g. newspaper and book retailing
migrating to online markets)
• Creates competitive advantage
• (Traditional Matrimonial Service providers went online and
outperformed their competitors.
• IT makes new businesses technologically feasible.
• IT can spawn new businesses by creating derived demand for new
products.
• IT can help in creating new businesses within old ones.
 Information Revolution Impacts Competition
Impact
• Changes Industry Structure
• Alters the rule of competition (e.g. newspaper and book retailing
migrating to online markets)
• Creates competitive advantage
• (Traditional Matrimonial Service providers went online and
outperformed their competitors.
• IT makes new businesses technologically feasible.
• IT can spawn new businesses by creating derived demand for new
products.
• IT can help in creating new businesses within old ones.
 Information Technology
Agenda
• To understand what computers are?
• Understand how computers evolved?
• Learn how computers are categorized into broader classifications?
• Understand the complete architecture of a computer
• Understand various components of a computer
• Appreciate the role of software and different types of software
• Understand broader steps required in software development and
implementation
• Understand emerging trends in the world of computers
 Computer System

• A computer is an electronic device that operates under the control of a set of

instructions that is stored in its memory unit.
• Hardware –Computer itself and any equipment connected to it.
All the physical, tangible parts of a system –such as central processor,

• Learn how computers are categorized into broader classifications?

• Understand the complete architecture of a computer
• Understand various components of a computer
• Appreciate the role of software and different types of software
• Understand broader steps required in software development and
implementation
• Understand emerging trends in the world of computers
 Three basic Questions?

Three basic concepts

In order to be able to think sensibly and talk intelligently
about computers in today’s technology driven society –

• what are computers?

• What can they do?
• How can one communicate effectively with computers?
 Evolution of Computers

‘Computers’ and ‘Computing’

• Computing has something to do with reckoning or calculation,

• What is so special about them that we need computers today?

• We have many form of such devices – the Abacus (still used in the
Far East), pocket and desk calculators

• POS (point of sale) at the supermarket –all of which are cheaper and
easier to use than computers. So why was the computer invented?
 Evolution of Computers

‘Computers’ and ‘Computing’

• Computing has something to do with reckoning or calculation,

• What is so special about them that we need computers today?

• We have many form of such devices – the Abacus (still used in the
Far East), pocket and desk calculators

• POS (point of sale) at the supermarket –all of which are cheaper and
easier to use than computers. So why was the computer invented?
 Computers

A computer system is an electronic device that operates

under the control of a set of instructions that is stored in
its memory unit.

Hardware consists of the computer itself, and any equipment

connected to it.

Hardware includes all of the physical, tangible parts of a

system – such as central processing unit, memory, display
devices, storage media, and printer, etc.
 Software

Software is

-the set of instructions for controlling the

hardware devices,

-instructing computers to transform data into

information

-and many other information processing tasks.

 Evolution of Computers
• History of computers -500 BC, ABACUS, a device of counting beads and string was
used to do calculations.
• The abacus is still widely used in many countries, but do not offer long-term storage
of information.
• 1614 - John Napier developed Logarithm Tables, which provided the methods by
which multiplication and division could be achieved through addition and
subtraction.

• 1620-William Oughtred, developed the ‘Slide Rule’ based on the concept of

logarithms.

• Both these inventions were widely used until the development of small electronic
calculators in late 1960s.

• Two other important developments that took place in the Seventeenth Century, were
the production of a mechanical calculator –Pacaline by Blaise Pascal in 1642
 Evolution of Computers
• More powerful calculator by Gottfried Leibnitz in 1694. This calculator could
perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division and was called
the Leibnitz Wheel.

• In 1832, Charles Babbage, thought of building a general purpose computing

machine and planned for ‘Analytical Engine’, a steam driven calculator which
was able to perform calculation upto 60 decimal digits, and to handle any
type of mathematical problem.

• The inputs to these machines were based on punched cards. Charles

Babbage has defined the path for the modern digital computers, because
the Analytical Engine was built around the same five components (input,
control, store, Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) and Output) used in modern
digital computers.
 Evolution of Computers
• First Generation Computers –Vacuum Tubes (1939 -1959)
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