BIOLOGY CLASS

THE C E L L
PA RT 2

TEAM 3
 Leader Players

Minh Như Nhã Trân Thanh Trà

Minh Hằng Thục Đoan

The Cell 2 Question 1

In general terms,
explain the role of the
electron transport chain
in cellular respiration.

BIOLOGY
 Define the electron transport
chain
The electron transport chain is a cluster of proteins that transfer electrons through a
membrane within mitochondria to form a gradient of protons that drives the
creation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is used by the cell as the energy for
metabolic processes for cellular functions.
 Define of cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is a process of complex chemical reactions by which our bodies use carbohydrate
substrates (glucose) to produce energy for life; put very simply (and probably too), electrons from the
glucose molecules that power our system are the energy of life.

Those electrons, once "released" from the glucose molecules, are

transferred into and along the electron transport chain embedded in
each and every mitochondria of each and every living cell in our body.
By their movement through that electron transport chain, they
generate energy.
 Inconclusion

The function of the ETC during cellular respiration is to

convert the chemical energy potential in oxygen in the
presence of certain oxidizable substances to the phosphate
binding energy in ATP.
In short - an electron transport chain is the structure through
which electrons are used to generate energy to move.
 Question 2
Name three stages of cenlular
respiration. For each, state
the region of the eukaryotic
cell where it occurs and the
products that results.
 Cytoplasm
Prokaryotic cells
Plasma Membrane

Occurs
in both prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells Cytoplasm
Eukaryotic cells
Mitochondria
 Three stages
01 Glycolysis

02 The Krebs cycle

03 The respiratory electron transport chain

 The respiratory
electron transport
Glycolysis The Kreps cycle
chain

The inner
Mitochondrial
Takes place in Cytoplasm mitochondrial
matrix
membrane

2 ATP, 2FADH2 and

2 pyruvic acid, 2 6NADH,
Products NADH, 2 ATP and simultaneously
34 ATP
2 H2O releasing 6 CO2

2 pyruvic acid, 2 NADH, 2 ATP and 2 H2O.

 Question 3
Ph
ot Describe the role of ATP and
os
yn
th NADPH in Calvin cycle?
es
is Describe the major
consequences of
photorespiration?
Describe the role of ATP and NADPH in Calvin
cycle?

Light reaction
2 stages of
&
photosynthesis
Calvin cycle
Describe the role of ATP and NADPH in Calvin
cycle?

Light reaction

Occurs Materials Produces

In the H2O, light

Oxygen, ATP,
thylakoids of energy, ADP, Pi,
NADPH
chloroplasts NADP+
 Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle is also known
as dark reactions or light-
independent photosynthesis
processes. It occurs in stroma. It
also regenerates ADP, Pi, and
NADP+ for light reaction. The
Calvin cycle uses ATP and
NADPH in light reaction to
convert CO2 to sugar (G3P).
Describe the major consequences of
photorespiration?
Photorespiration is the process of
absorbing O2 and releasing CO2 in the
presence of light. This process occurs
concurrently with photosynthesis.

Photorespiration does not produce sugar

molecules or ATP because it occurs when
light intensity is high, CO2 concentration
is low, O2 is high.

Not producing energy but wasting

photosynthetic products.
 Question 4
Describe two important photosynthetic
adaptations that minimize
photorespiration
Two most important photosynthetic adaptations that
minimize photorespiration

C4 plants CAM plants

 C4 plants

• C4 plants minimize the cost of photorespiration by

incorporating CO2 into four-carbon compounds in
mesophyll cells, with the aid of an enzyme (PEP
carboxylase)
• PEP carboxylase has a higher affinity for CO2 than
rubisco does
• The compound is broken down to release CO2, which
rubisco then fixes into the Calvin cycle
>These four-carbon compounds are exported to bundle-sheath cells, where they release CO2 that is then used in the Calvin cycle

C4 plants minimize photorespiration by separating initial

CO2 fixation and the Calvin cycle in space, performing
these steps in different cell types >These four-carbon compounds are exported to bundle-sheath cells, where they release CO2 that is then used in the Calvin cycle
 CAM plants

• CAM plants open their stomata at night,

incorporating CO2 into organic acids
• Stomata close during the day, and CO2 is
released from organic acids and used in the
Calvin cycle >These four-carbon compounds are exported to bundle-sheath cells, where they release CO2 that is then used in the Calvin cycle

CAM plants minimize photorespiration and

save water by separating these steps in time,
between night and day. >These four-carbon compounds are exported to bundle-sheath cells, where they release CO2 that is then used in the Calvin cycle
 Question 5

Describe the similarities and

differences between oxidative
phosphorylation in mitochondria
and photophosphorylation in
chloroplasts
 Similarities

Both processes These forms of

Both deal involve electron energy provide
with transport chain for all life
generation of (ETC) and all activities,
energy, which electron transfer metalbolic
is synthesis of take place on processes
ATP from ADP the phospholipid occuring in the
bilayer. cell and body.
 Differences
Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria PhotophosphorylationIn chloroplast

It involves the reduction of O2 to H2O with electrons

It involves the oxidation of H2O to O2, with NADP. 
donated by NADH and FADH2. 
NADP acts as a final electron acceptor.
O2 will be the final electron acceptor.

It occurs in aerobic cells. It occurs in photosynthetic cell

It occurs well in light and dark conditions. It occurs only in light condition

Chemical energy is converted into ATP Light energy is converted into ATP

ATP is the energy source while NADPH is the reducing agent that

ATP is used for cell survivor adds high-energy electrons to form sugar or reducing NO3-,
SO42- to form acid amin,…
Thank
you!