STATISTICS and

PROBABILITY

Estimation of
Parameters Part I
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be
able to
1. illustrate the t-distribution
2. construct a t-distribution
3. identify regions under the t-distribution
corresponding to different t-values
4. identify percentiles using the t-value
 Activity:
“Questimates”
Directions: Answer each question by
“guessing” or “estimating”. The answer
which is closest but not exceeding to the
right answer will be given 1 point. The group
with the most number of correct answer wins
the game.
1. How many objects are here?

Answer: 48
2. If the small box has an area of "1" what is
the area of the big box?:

Answer: About 7 x 4 = 28
3. Estimate the number of blocks that make
up the rectangular prism (cuboid).

Answer: 150 blocks

4. The rectangular prism (cuboid) is made
up of blocks, but there is a hole right through
the middle of the prism. Give the best
estimate for the number of blocks that make
up the solid.

Answer: 135 blocks

5. The world's tallest artificial structure is the
 Burj Khalifa in Dubai . The building gained the
official title of "Tallest Building in the World" and
the tallest self supported structure at its
opening on January 9, 2010. About how tall is
the building in meters?

Answer: 829.8 m (2,722 ft)

6. The Philippine Mouse Deer, locally known
as Piladok, is considered the smallest
hoofed animal in the world. It has a size of
_____ cm at shoulder length, about the size
of a rabbit.

Answer: 40
7. According to Guinness World Records,
the Bible is the best-selling book of all time.
About how many billion of copies have been
sold and distributed?

Answer: 5 billion
8. The co-founder of Microsoft, tech
magnate, entrepreneur, philanthropist,
programmer, Bill Gates has a solid profile
that makes him the richest individual. His
worth marked is about how many billion of
US dollars?

Answer: About $86 billion

9. According to Forbes Magazine, the
world’s highest paid actor is Dwayne “The
Rock” Johnson. About how much is his
annual pay check?

Answer: About $65 (64.5) million

10. The fastest animal in the world is the
cheetah. This animal is actually only slightly
faster than the pronghorn antelope, and can
reach speeds of up to _____ miles per hour.

Answer: 61 miles
Interval Estimate of Population Mean
with Known Variance
 The t-Distribution
The t-distribution, just like the standard
normal curve, is bell-shaped and unimodal.
It is symmetric about t = 0. However, its
variance is greater than 1. This makes it
wider and flatter in the middle. It has more
area in its tails than that of the standard
normal curve. Its shape depends on the
sample size. As the sample size n becomes
larger, the t-distribution gets closer to the
standard normal curve.
To find a value in the Table of t Critical
Values, there is a need to adjust the sample
size n by converting it to degree of freedom
df. In statistics, the number of degrees of
freedom is the number of values in the final
calculation of a statistic that are free to vary. The
formula is df = n -1.
 A student-researcher wants to
Example 1:
determine whether the mean score in
mathematics of the 25 students in
Grade 11 Fortitude is significantly
different from the school mean of 89.
The mean and the standard deviation
of the scores of the students in
Fortitude are 95 and 15 respectively.
Assume 95% confidence level.
The computed value of t is equal to 2 which
is smaller that the tabular value of 2.064.
The computed t value does not fall in the
critical region. Therefore, the mean score of
Grade 8 Newton in Mathematics is the same
with the mean score of all the students
taking up Grade 8 Mathematics.

critical region

2 2.064
Example 2: A student suspects that the data she
collected for research study do not represent the
target population. Here are the data she collected:
16 27 34
20 29 30
22 30 37
25 30 42
26 32 35
The population mean is 27. Assuming normality in
the target population, is the student’s suspicion
correct? Use 90% confidence level.
 1.151

0.05 0.05

-1.761 0 1.761
The computed value of t is less than the
tabular value of 1.761. Therefore, the
student is wrong in suspecting that the data
are not representative of the target
population.
Example 3: A sample of size n = 20 is a
simple random sample selected from a
normally distributed population. Find the
value of t such that the shaded area to the
left of t is 0.05.
Solution:
Find df = n -1 = 20 -1 = 19

0.05 0.05

-t 0 t
0.025
0.025

0
Example 5: For a t-distribution with 25
degrees of freedom, find the value of t such
that the area to the right of t is 0.05

0.05 0.05

0
Example 6: For a t-distribution with 14
degrees of freedom, find the value of t such
that the area between –t and t is 0.90.

0.05 0.05

0.90

-t 0 t
 Identifying Percentiles Using the t-
Distribution Table
Example 7: The graph of a distribution with df
= 15 is shown below:

a. If the shaded area on the right is 0.05, what is

the area to the left of it?
0
Interval Estimate of Population Mean
with Unknown Variance
Example 1: The mean and standard
deviation of the content of sample of 10
similar containers are 10.5 liters and 0.352,
respectively.
a.Find a 95% confidence interval for the
actual mean content.
b.Find the lower and upper confidence
limits.
Assume that the contents are approximately
normally distributed.
Example 2: The following are randomly
selected scores in Filipino of 12 Grade 10
students: 75, 65, 76, 80, 85, 77, 81, 83, 80,
70, 71, 69
a. Find the 99% confidence interval for the
mean score of Grade 10 students, assuming
that the students’ score is approximately
normally distributed.
b. Find the lower and upper confidence
limits.
Solution:
Lower confidence Upper confidence
interval interval
 Exercises
Refer to the worksheet and answer part II
and IV
Lunch

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