AHA - Computer Fundamentals

1
Agenda
 Information Concepts & Processing

 Computer Appreciation
 Data Communication & Networks
 Introduction to Internet Technologies
 Concepts in Operating System
 Importance of Computers
 Designing a Computer System
 Computers in Healthcare
 Question & Answers
2
14 Feb 2015 Academy Of Hospital Administration
Information Concepts & Processing
Data Information
 Raw Facts  Data with Context
 No Context  Processed Data
 Just Numbers and Text  Value-added to Data
 May not be meaningful – summarized
 Difficult to understand – organized
 Not in order – analyzed
 Ex: Numbers, characters,
images, etc.
Processed
Data Information
3
Information System
 Information System is the system of

– Persons
– Data Records
– Activities
that process the Data and Information
 Types of Processing
– Manual
– Automated
4
Information Representation
 Characters
 Numbers
 Digital Media
 Images – Object, Person, 2D, 3D, etc.
 Graphics – Photographs, Drawing, Paintings, Graphs,
Diagrams, Symbols,
Maps, Computer Graphics
 Animation – Traditional Animation, Computer Animation
 Audio – WAV, MP3, Audio CD, DVD-A,
Blue Ray
 Video - MPEG-4, DVD,
5
Computer Appreciation
 What is a Computer?
– Is a machine
– It cannot think
– Can do calculations
– Controlled by user
– Performs faster than human being
– Can manipulate Information or Data
6
History of Computers
 Abacus
– The first computing machine
– Invented in 3000 B.C. in China
– Used for counting
– Has Rods and Beads to perform counting
7
Developments of Early Age Computers
Year Computer Development

1617 Enhanced Abacus – John Napier
1642 First Mechanical Calculating Machine – Pascal Machine
1671 Improved Pascal Machine – Ad Gofried Leibrietzi
1792 – 1871 Difference Engine – Charles Babbage (Father of Computer)
1880 Tabulating Machine (Punch Card) – Herman Hollerith
1930 – 1939 Z1 and Z2 – Used in World War II for decoding secret messages
1940 Howard Mark I – IBM (4 addition/subtraction per sec)
1946 ENIAC – Based on Mark I
8
Computer Generations
Generation Based On Period

First Generation Electronic Valves 1950
ENIAC, NIVAC, EDWAC, UNIVAC
Second Generation Transistors 1960

UNIVAC, 1108, IBM 700, 1401, CDC-1604, 3600
Third Generation Integrated Circuits (ICs) 1965

IBM-360, 370, ICL-1900
Fourth Generation Microprocessors 1975

Intel 4004, Apple Series I and II, Spectrum 7
Fifth Generation Large Scale Integrated Circuits 1980

Started connecting computers - Networking
9
Personal Computers
 First Personal Computer was introduced by International Business Machine
(IBM).
 It had below components:
 Mother Board
 RAM
 Processor
 Floppy Disk
 Hard Disk
 Apple Computer – In year 1977 Steve Wozniac and Steve Jobbs developed this
computer which became very popular for Home and small business use.
10
Characteristics of Computer
Speed is the key advantage Computers are extremely Computers do calculations

of Computer reliable with Accuracy
Computers performs Computers are emotionless Error rarely occurs
calculations in They do not fall sick Reason for errors:
Milliseconds, They do not take break Program Logic Error
Microseconds,
Nanoseconds and They do not complain Procedural Error
Picoseconds They are made to do Incorrect Data
Example: Online repetitive tasks Human Error
Transactions, ATM Examples: Mail servers
Withdrawals, Travels running forever, Back
Bookings, etc. Systems in case of
failure, etc.
11
Applications of Computers
12
Classification of Computers – By Use
Classification of Computers
Analog Computers Digital Computers Hybrid Computers
•Takes Physical •Operates on Data in •Combination of Analog

Quantities as input such form of Digits. and Digital Computer
as Electric Current,
•Inputs to it should be •Obtained by
Voltage, Mechanical
discrete rather than interconnecting Digital
Movements used in
continuous and Analog Computer via
Manufacturing Units
Hybrid Interface.
•Input consists on
•Ex:
Numbers, Characters, •It takes both Analog or
•Temperature Monitoring Special Symbols, etc. Digital input and
produces both Analog or
•Pressure Monitoring •General Purpose Digital
Digital output.
Computers – Payroll,
•Flow Monitoring (Fuel
Analysis •Used in Scientific
Pump)
Applications, Industrial
•Special Purpose Digital
Process Controllers
Computers – Washing
Machine
13
Classification of Computers – By Size
Classification By Size
Contains number of processing units which operate in

Super Computers parallel to make it faster. That are very large and used
for bigger applications. Ex: Weather Forecasting.
Mainframe Computers Large computer but can be connected to various

computers to share facilities. Used in Research
Organizations, Banks, Airlines, Railway Reservation,
etc where large Data Base is required.
Super Mini Computers
Combination of Super Computers and Mini
Computers. Used as dedicated computers which does
one processing function at a time.
Mini Computers Inferior to Mainframe in both Speed and Storage. They

can be connected to various Terminals. Its Operating
System has Multitasking and Network Capabilities
enabling to serve more than one user.
14
Computer Memory
 What is Memory?
 Memory is our ability to encode, store, retain and
subsequently recall information and past experiences
in the human brain.
 In computing, memory refers to the devices used to
store information for use in a computer.
 Types of Memory
Basic Types of Memory
Primary Memory Secondary Memory
Storage Systems which function Provides program and data storage that is
at high-speed (i.e. RAM) slow to access but offer higher memory capacity
15
Computer Memory Cont…
 RAM - Random Access Memory
– Used as Primary Memory. Stores all Active Programs and Data for easy access.
Copy of program is copied to RAM. RAM can transfer data to/from CPU much faster
than secondary storage devices. Power is required.
 ROM – Read Only Memory

– Stores data even without power source. Stores Computers Basic Input Output
System. Data can not be changed from ROM. Below are the types of ROM:
– PROM – Programmable Read Only Memory (One Time

Programmable), Programmed through PROM Burner
– EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, EPROM can be

removed from computer and then data can be erased with
the help of UV Rays and them reprogrammed through PROM Burner.
– EEPROM – Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, Need not

to be removed from computer. EEPROM can be
reprogrammed by Flashing (Process run by computer
to reprogram memory). EEPROM are flash ROM.
16
Computer Memory Management
Need:
•Fast, powerful CPUs need quick and easy access to large amounts of
data in order to maximize their performance.
•If the CPU cannot get to the data it needs, it literally stops and waits for it.
Virtual Secondary
CPU Cache RAM
Memory Storage
17
Computer Hardware
 Physical Component of Computer

 Parts which can be seen or touch
 Below are the basic parts of Computer
– Monitor
– Central Processing Unit (CPU)
– KeyBoard
– Mouse
18
Computer Hardware Cont…
19
20
 Primary Storage Unit (Memory Unit)
– Holds Data in memory till it is required to be processed.
– Holds results of processed data.
– Holds program instructions which are required for processing
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
– Used for logical processing.
– Arithmetic operations like +, -, *, / are performed here and gives results in numerical form.
– Logical operations like <, >, =, <=, >= and <> are also performed here and gives results in YES / NO
or TRUE / FALSE.
 Control Unit
– Controls the flow and manipulation of data.
– Controls flow of data from Input Devices to Memory.
– Controls flow of information from Memory to Output Devices.
 Output Unit
– It consists of Output Devices attached to Computer.
– Converts the machine coded output results from the processor into a form which can be understood
by user.
21
Peripherals Devices
 Peripheral is a computer hardware that is attached to

host computer to expand its abilities.
 These are plug-in plug-out devices which are hooked
up externally.
 Peripherals Devices are of two types:
22
Input Devices
 Used to give information to the Computer.
Voice Bar Codes

Scanners
Input
Optical
Touch
Recognition
Screens
Input
Track
Input JoyStick
Ball
Devices
Web
Mouse
Camera
Light
Keyboard
Pen
Card Digital
Reader Camera
23
Input Devices Cont…
 Keyboard
– Keyboard Keys
 Layout of Type Writer
 101 Keys
 Multiple Languages
– Alpha Keys
– Numeric Keys
– Function Keys
– Arrow Keys
– Special Keys
– Numeric Pad
– Control Pad
24
 Mouse
– It is a pointing device.
– Point to start typing from a location.
– Used to click on any object on screen.
 Types of Mouse
– Mechanical Mouse – Has rubber ball, Has mechanical sensors.
– Optomechanical Mouse – Uses optical sensors to detect movement of
mouse on mouse pad.
– Optical Mouse - Uses laser beam to detect movement of mouse on
specially designed mouse pad.
25
 Joystick
– Used in gaming consoles.
– Can be attached to computers too.
26
 Optical Recognition Input
1. Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
 Special devices called ‘Scanners’ are uses principal of OCR to input the printed matter on
paper.
 Matter can be in coded form (Bar Codes) or simple text / graphics (picture).
 Ex: Bar Code Readers and Scanners.
2. Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)

 Optical sensing of marks recorded on a data medium.
 Special forms are designed with boxes and circles.
 Dark pencils are used to mark the boxes or circles.
 Used where responses are one out of a smaller number of alternatives but volume of data
to be processed is large.
 Ex: Objective Type Answer Papers, Market Surveys, etc.
27
 Scanners
 Scanners input of printed data.
 Scanners reads text, photographs and graphics from a paper
 It converts into bit patterns for processing, storage or output.
 Hand Held Scanners
 Reads data from price tags, shipping labels, couriers.
 Uses contact or laser technology.
 Flat-Bed Scanners
 Consist of a box with glass plate on top used for placing the document to scan
 Light beam is used to scan the document line by line.
 Scanner can also store color images.
28
 Digital Camera
 Card Reader
 Web Camera
 Voice Input
29
Output Devices
 Computer Output is meaningful and convenient to use.
 Gives the output in the human understandable forms.
 Text, Images, Audio, Video, etc.
Monitors
Graphic
Output Displays
Devices
Output
Devices Output
Printers On
Microfilm
Speech Multimedia
Synthesizer Projector
30
Output Devices Cont…
 Monitors
 It is a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) device.
 Just like old television set.
 Monitor is desk or table bound.
 Displays
 It is a flat panel device.
 Can be attached to a portable PC.
 Can also be hung on wall.
 Displays can be placed anywhere.
31
 Projectors
 Used for presentation of multimedia projects.
 Large screen is used to display the presentation.
 Screen is usually mounted on a wall.
 Many can see the presentation instead of few.
 Audio can also be added to the presentation.
 Microfilms
 Record is made into very small images.
 Volume of data becomes very small.
 Record is reduced 50 times in size.
 Ex: A4 sheet can be reduced to a square inch image.
32
Printers
 Use to print documents in a physical form.
 Impact Printers – Mechanically strikes the printing medium to paper
– Dot Matrix Printer
– Daisywheel Printer
– Line Printers
 Non Impact Printers – Do not strike characters against ribbon or paper.
– Ink Jet Printers
– Laser Printers
33
Storage Media
 Memory is volatile (changes frequently)
 This gave the need to have Storage Devices
 Hard Disk Drives

 Commonly used as a Memory Device in computers
 Floppy Disk Drives

 It was a big success due to its mobility.
 It was very much in use in late 90s.
 Not in use due to flash drives came into existence.
34
Storage Media Cont…
 CD ROM & DVD

 Stores data of 600 floppy drives.
 Stores wide verity of media, i.e. Audio, Video, Books, Encyclopedia, etc.
 CD Read/Write device is used.
 Pen Drives / Flash Drives

 It is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated
Universal Serial Bus (USB).
 USB is used to connect the drive to the computer.
 Memory Cards
 Use to store data.
 Can be used in multiple devices such as Computers, Mobiles, Camera.
35
Software Definition & Concept
 Software is a Program
 Set of instructions
 Which cannot be seen
Software
 Tells the computer what to do
Application Software System Software

(Set of programs to (Software used to operate
perform specific task) and maintain computer)
Ready Made Software Customized Software

(MS Office, Adobe Reader, etc) (Finnacle, MIS of Hospital, etc.)
36
Data Communication and Networks
Computer Networks
 Two or more Computers are connected to each other is called Networking.
 Connected Computers share information, resources and remote system.
“A network of data processing nodes that are

interconnected for the purpose of data communication”
“An interconnection of three or more communicating

entities”
37
Classification of Networks
 Based on Scale
 PAN – Personal Area Network (Communication among personal devices)
 LAN – Local Area Network (Covers a small geographic area, home, office,
etc)
 CAN – Campus Area Network (Connects to two or more LAN but is limited to
specific private area. It is smaller than MAN)
 MAN – Metropolitan Area Network (Connects two LANs or MANs but do not
extend beyond the boundary of immediate town, city, or metropolitan).
 WAN – Wide Area Network (Covers a broad geographic area, uses

transmission facilities provided by telephone companies.)
38
Classification of Networks Cont…
 Based on Network Topology

 Star Network
 Ring Network
 Bus Network
 Tree Network
 Star – Bus Network
 Mesh Network
 Based on Connection Method

 Ethernet
 Power line communication
 Wireless LAN
 Home PAN
39
Classification of Networks Cont…
 Based on Service
 Wireless Community Network
 Server
 Storage Area Network
 Process Control Network
 Value Added Network
 Based on Protocol
 TCP / IP
 Network IPX / SPX
 Based on Functional Relationship

 Peer – to – Peer
 Client – Server
40
Network Topologies
 It is the study of the arrangement or mapping of the elements of a
network.
 It tells the Physical and Logical interconnections (Topology) between

nodes.
 Physical Topology tells the links between two nodes of a network.
 Logical Topology tells the flow of data between two nodes of a

network.
 Physical and Logical Topology may or may not be same.
41
Network Topologies Cont…
Bus Topology
 Nodes share a common bus of connecting cables.
 Every computer can communicate to any computer or device in the
network.
 Advantages:
 Short cable length and simple wiring layout.
 Reliable architecture.
 Easy to extend.
 Disadvantages:
 Fault Diagnosis is difficult.
 Fault isolation is difficult.
42
Star Topology
 All the computers and main server forms a star shape.
 All the computers are connected to a single host.
 All files goes through the central computer so that it can control the operation,
work load, and resource allocation.
 Advantages:
 Ease of service.
 One device per connection.
 Centralized Control / problem diagnosis.
 Simple Access Protocol.
 Disadvantages:
 Long cable length.
 Difficult to expand.
 Central Node dependency.
43
Ring Topology
 Server / Nodes are joined to form a Ring.
 There is no central server.
 A Ring may be unidirectional or Bidirectional.
 Advantages:
 Short Cable Length.
 No wiring closet space required.
 Suitable for Optical Fibers.
 Disadvantages:
 Node failure causes network failure.
 Difficult to diagnose fault.
 Network reconfiguration is difficult.
44
Mesh Topology
 Direct path between two nodes.
 Every node is connected to every other node.
 Ex: Most major cities have direct connection to most major cities.
 Advantages:
 Units affected by media failure.
 Ease to troubleshoot.
 Disadvantages:
 Difficult to install.
 Difficult to reconfigure.
45
Tree Topology
 Form a purely topological viewpoint.
 Resembles interconnection of star network.
 Transmission or reception is towards one node only.
 Advantages:
 Easy to extend.
 Fault Isolation.
 Disadvantages:
 Dependent on the root.
 Difficult to reconfigure.
46
Hybrid Topology
 It is combination of two or more network topologies.
 Backbone is mainly a Mesh network.
 Each local loop is a star network.
 Advantages:
 Fault diagnosis and isolation.
 Ease of expansion.
 Disadvantages:
 Intelligent concentration points required.
 Cabling.
47
Communication in Network
48
Workstation / Host / Server
 Workstation –
 Computer used for drafting or mathematical operation.
 Computer connected to network and used by individual to do work.
 Workstation is a computer that request for resource from network.
 Client is any entity that request for resource from network.
 Host –
 A host is a network device which has a TCP / IP address.
 Workstations and Servers with TCP / IP address is a Host.
49
Server
 It provides the resources to the clients on the network.
 Software that controls and maintain the network, runs on Server.
 This is known as Network Operating System.
 Servers are dedicated to specialized tasks.
 Types of Servers
 File Servers – Holds and distributes files.
 Print Servers – Controls and manages printers on network.
 Proxy Servers – Performs functions on behalf of other computers
 Application Server – Hosts a network application.
 Web Server – Holds and delivers web pages in network using HTTP Protocol.
 Mail Server – Holds and delivers emails.
 Fax Server – Sends and receives Fax.
 Remote Access Server – Allows a user to connect to the network from outside.
 Telephony Server – Functions as a smart answering machines for a network.
50
51
Peer – to – Peer Architecture
 Purpose of networking is to share resources.

 It is accomplished by the architecture of the network operating system
software.
 Peer –to –Peer Architecture:
 Connected computers have no centralized authority.
 All the computers have equal authority.
 That is why they are called Peers.
 Computer holding the requested resource is responsible for security.
 Every computer is client and every computer is server.
 Few facts:
 Each user is responsible for local backup.
 Security consideration are minimal.
 Limited number of computers are involved.
52
Peer – to – Peer Architecture
53
Client Server Architecture
 Opposite of Peer – to – Peer network.
 Manages the network from a centralized point.
 That centralized point is the server.
 Clients make requests for a resource to the servers.
 Server responds with the access to the resource.
 This architecture is more organized.
 Easy to find files and resources, as they are on server only.
 This architecture has tighter security.
“All usernames and passwords are stored in the same

database (on the server) and individuals are not allowed to
use the server as a workstation.”
54
Client Server Architecture
55
Network Attached Storage
 Most common server is a file server.

 File servers are the most accessed servers as well.
 Stores files for all the users in the network.
 These are computers itself but running special network operating
system which allows file sharing.
 File servers have been replaced by Network Attached Storage.
 It is a small network device called “Black Box” with a network card and
a large hard disk.
“The network attached storage device usually runs a special

proprietary operating system that allows the box to function
as a file server.”
56
Network Attached Storage
57
Introduction to GPRS
 GPRS is known as General Packet Radio Service.
 It is a mobile data service.
 GPRS works for Global System for Mobile (GSM) Communications.
 GPRS data is charged per MB of transferred data.
 Traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time.
 GPRS can be used for
 Wireless Access Protocol (WAP)
 Short Message Service (SMS)
 Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)
 Internet Communication service – Ex: email, World Wide Web access.
2G + GPRS = 2.5G
58
Introduction to Internet Technologies
 Introduction to HTML
 DHTML
 WWW
 Web Browsing, Surfing using Search Engines
 E-mail
 ISP
 E-commerce
59
Introduction to HTML
 Hyper Text Markup Language
 HTML is language of Internet.
 Web sites are created in HTML Language.
 HTML Provides broad level of formatting:
 Bold Text Creating Banner Creating Menus
 Spacing Adding Horizontal Rules Creating Radio Buttons
 Font Type Wrapping Text Check Boxes
 Font Size Page Layouts Text Boxes
 Font Colors Settings Margins
 Putting Headers Creating Columns
 Adding Paragraph Creating Tables
 Image Alignment Creating Forms
60
Introduction to HTML
61
DHTML
 Dynamic HTML
 DHTML combines HTML with Cascading Style Sheet and
Scripting Languages.
 From HTML it takes Web page’s elements, like table, heading,
paragraph.
 From CSS it takes style to determine an element’s size, color,
position, etc.
 From scripting language it manipulates the Web page’s
elements, so that the styles you assigned to them can change
in response to an end user’s input.
62
World Wide Web
 It is a hypertext system.
 It uses internet as its transport mechanism.
 Clicking links on a web page opens another web page.
 Features of WWW:
 Information System
 Graphical Navigation
 Platform
 Distribution
 Dynamic (latest page)
 Interactiveness
63
World Wide Web
 Web Browser
 Software that is used to see web pages
 Works on HTTP Protocol
 Microsoft Internet Explorer
 Google Chrome
 Firefox Mozila
 Netscape Navigator
 Opera Mini
64
Web Servers
 Web Servers
 To upload a website a host computer and server

software is required.
 This manages the communication protocols and the

related software required to create a web page.
 Its basic job is secure and manage the web site.
65
HTTP Protocol
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 Uses as communication protocols
 Transport hypertext documents over internet
 It tells the server what to send to the clients so that

client can view this web page.
66
Uniform Resource Locator
 A URL describe the

 Location of accessing a web page.
 Method of accessing a web page.
 URL is unique.
 Protocol used is attached to the URL.
http://www.adobe.com
67
Search Engines
 Search Programs locate needed information in a data base.

 Search Engines enables us to search the information on the
internet.
 Examples:
 Google
 Yahoo
 Bing
68
E-Mail
 Facility of sending mails to others electronically.
 E-mails are fast and moves over at amazing speed.
 Popular email service providers:
 www.yahoo.com
 www.gmail.com
 www.rediff.com
 Email Organization
 Inbox
 Outbox
 Sent Items
 Deleted Items
 Drafts
69
E-Mail
 To
 From
 Subject
 CC
 BCC
 Attachments
70
Concepts in Operating System
 Operating System is a set of computer programs.
 It manages the hardware and software resources of a computer.
 It processes the raw data given as input.
 It allocates and manages internal system resources of the computer.
 Its basic tasks are:
 Controlling and allocating memory.
 Prioritizing system requests.
 Controlling input and output devices.
 Facilitating networking.
 Managing file system.
 Interface to the Operating System
 Command Line Interpreter
 Graphical User Interface
71
Concepts in Operating System Cont…
“Operating System themselves have no user interface, the user of

an operating system in an application, not a person.”
 Basic tasks of Operating System.

 Scheduling
 Memory Management
 I/O Management
 File Management
72
Types of Operating System
Batch Operating System

 Related data and controlled commands are submitted together as a job.
 No interaction between user and execution program.
 Require little operator interaction during execution.
 Examples:
 Payrolls
 Forecasting
 Statistical analysis
 Large scientific number crunching programs
 Disadvantages:
 Long turn around time
 No online debugging
 Not at all suitable for software.
73
Multi Programming Operating System

 Permits multiple programs load into memory.
 Executes the programs concurrently.
 A program in execution is called a Process or Task..
 Advantages:
 Improved utilization of system resources
 Enhanced system throughput
 Faster compared to Batch and Serial processing.
 How it is achieved:
 Computer resource is distributed between multiple concurrent programs.
 Process goes to Wait state when it requests I/O.
 Another ready process is scheduled to run.
 When I/O is given to waiting `process CPU is also running a process in parallel.
 When I/O is completed then its state changes to Ready and will wait to run.
74
Time Sharing Interactive Operating System

 Belong to the era of large mainframe systems.
 Large number of users connect in very interactive mode.
 User connect to system with a Terminal.
 Advantages:
 Programmer can edit, compile, run the code interactively.
 Debugging is possible online.
 Reduced the programming time drastically.
 How it is achieved:
 Users are served in round robin fashion.
 Fixed time slice is given to each user to get control of CPU.
 Since I/O is slow, operators never realizes that the CPU is shared.
 It gives illusion to each user that the computer resources are available for him only.
75
Real Time Operating System

 It refers to the environment of embedded system.
 Completes the processing of input data in pre-specified time.
 Input data is received from real world sensors.
 Output may be used to control some real world process.
 Example:
 Air defense system getting information from radar and control weapons to eliminate
hostile aircraft. In this case output is required within specific time limit.
 Petro Chemical Plants, Thermal Plants, Nuclear Plants, Military Systems,
Telephone Switching Equipment, Flight Control are the few examples.
 Category of Real Time Operating System:
 Hard Real Time Operating System.
 Soft Real Time Operating System.
76
Importance of Operating System
 Operating System is responsible to run the computer.

 Without any faults.
 Following is necessary to know to understand functionality of
Operating System:
– Need of Operating System
– Goals of Operating System
– Services of Operating System
– Characteristics of Operating System
77
Need of Operating System
 For fast and automatic working.
 For better utilization of resource.
 Utilize batch processing without human intervention.
 To provide a human interface.
78
Goals of Operating System
 Optimize the use of computer resources so as to maximize its

throughput.
 Create a user friendly computing environment for accessing the

computer resources.
To fulfill above two goals, operating system started from

command mode and travelled up-to graphical user interface.
79
Services of Operating System
 Operating system provides environment to run user programs.

 Operating system provides services to the programs and the user of
that programs for accessing the system resources.
 Some of the common services are:
 Program Execution
 I/O Operation
 File Manipulation
 Communication
 Error Detection and Recovery
 Resource Allocation
 Accounting
 System Protection
80
Characteristics of Operating System
 Process Management
 Memory Management
 Disk and File System
 Networking
 Security
 Internal Security
 External Security
 Graphical User Interface
 Device Driver
81
Graphical User Interface
 Allow user to interact with computer.
 It has graphical icons, visual indicators, text labels, text navigation, etc.
 Actions are performed through direct manipulation of graphical
elements.
 Graphical elements also called as Widgets.
 Some widgets are: Windows, Buttons, Menus, Scroll Bars, etc.
 Provides frame or container for main content, ex: web page, email,
drawing, etc.
 Examples of GUIs:
 Touch screen Point of Sale
 Self service checkouts in retail stores.
 ATMs
 Airline self ticketing check-in
 Kiosks at Railway Station, Banks
 Smart Phones
82
Command Line Interpreter
 Command Line Interpreter can be used by typing commands from

Key Board.
 Commands are numerous in numbers.
 Results in greater efficiency.
 But it is hard to learn all the commands and perform complex tasks.
 Due to this WIMPs are easy to use.
 WIMPs – Window, Icon, Menu, Pointing Device.
 Windows provides both GUI and CLI.
 CLI for Windows is – Disk Operating System
83
Introduction to DOS
 DOS translates the commands that we enter through keyboard into

signals that computer interprets.
 CPU processes the raw data and return the result as output.
 Results are displayed on Monitor in our language.
 With DOS below can be performed:
 Create new file.
 Delete old file.
 Rename existing file.
 List all the files on hard drive.
 Enhance the storage capacity of the disk
 Format hard drive of floppy drive for usage
 Recognize the files on storage device.
 Scan for viruses.
84
Types Of DOS Commands
 Internal Command - Given from DOS prompt.
– These are the inbuilt command for DOS.
– Need not to be present in the hard disk.
 Dir
 Chdir
 Mkdir
 Cls
 Copy
 Copy cont
 External Command - Given from DOS prompt.
– Need to be present in the hard disk.
 Append
 Assign
 Attrib
 Chkdsk
85
File Structure in DOS
 All the data in the computer is stored in the form of file.
 File Properties which make it unique:

 File name
 Creation time
 Size
 Sample file name in DOS

 Hello.bat
 Hello – name
 .bat – extention
86
Storage of File in DOS
 Files are stored in hard disk just as store packets in godown.
 Root directory is the house.
 Subdirectories are rooms in the house.
 At start Root Directory is displayed.
 Subdirectories can have further subdirectories.
87
Basic DOS Commands
 Seeing a File
Dir
Dir/p
 Creating a directory
MD newdirectory
 Changing a directory
CD newdirectory
 Removing a directory
RD newdirectory
 Copying a file
Copy test.doc d:
 Deleting a file
del test.doc
88
Introduction to Microsoft Windows
 Graphic based operating system by Microsoft.

 Applications are displayed as a resizable, movable window on the screen.
 Initially it ran on DOS platform.
 Some Windows versions:
89
Starting Microsoft Windows
 The first software which takes over the computer is windows.
 Components of Windows:
 Desktop
 Icons
 Disk Drive icons
 Application icons
 Shortcut icons
 Document icons
 My Computer
 Recycle BIN
 My Documents
 Network Neighborhood
90
Working on Microsoft Windows
 Running an application.
 By Icon
 From window explorer
 From start menu
 Working on Windows
 Minimizing the window.
 Maximizing the window.
 Closing the window.
 Creating Shortcuts
 Creating file and folder
 Renaming file and folder
91
Basic Components of Windows
 Title Bar
 Menu Bar
 Scroll Bar
 Status Bar
92
Importance of Computers
 Computer is an electronic device used in almost every field even
where it is most unexpected.
 That is why this age is called as the era of IT.
 And now we cannot imagine a world without computers.
 Computer has become very important nowadays because it is very
much accurate, fast and can accomplish many tasks easily.
 To complete those tasks manually much more time is required.
Banks Communication Business
Medical Science Media Travel / Ticketing
Weather Forecasting Sports Daily Life

93
Designing a Computer System
 To design a brand new Computer System below steps are
followed:
 Defining the System
 System Analysis
 Identifying the Information Needs
 Design of New System
 Feasibility Study
 Computer Based System
 System Implementation
 System Operation & Maintenance
94
Defining the System
 Fix the boundaries of the system with the

help of some parameters.
 Cost-Benefit Analysis
95
System Analysis
 Gather all relevant information relating to the system as it

exists. This includes:
 Collection of all documents within the boundaries of the
system.
 Understanding of all existing records.
 Examining the process carried out in the system of the record.
 Documentation of knowledge gained.
 Identifying redundancy.
96
Design New System
 New system starts to take shape without any consideration to
the technique which will be used for data processing
 First stage- finalize the output desired from the system ie
designing of
– Reports
– Statements
– Tables
 Second stage- Identify all data required for generation of the
output.
 Third stage- Design the record keeping mechanism such that
both storage & retrieval of data is fast & reliable.
 Lastly- Procedures & processing details are developed
keeping in view the outputs decided in first stage.
97
Identifying Information Needs
 Has to be done carefully.

 Cannot be done at one stretch
 List the various positions within the system.
 Identify the functions with each positions.
 Lead to identification of activities related to each function.
 Each activity would require number of decisions to be taken-
exhaustive list of decisions to be taken by the concerned
manager can be made.
 Identification of data required to take a decision becomes
easy- thus giving a fair idea of the information needs.
98
Feasibility Study
 Volume of data to handled has been understood by now.

 Feasibility assessed in terms of
 Overall system design.
 Assessment of data processing requirements whether
computer based or manual.
 Staffing requirements.
 Priorities & time plan for implementation.
 Estimating cost.
 Based on above decision to computerize is taken.
99
Computer-Based System
 Since one of the major considerations of computerization is to
save time. Input formats for data capturing be so designed that
key-punching of data is facilitated and no important data
required for output generation is missed.
 There should be minimum need of data rearranging for data

entry for processing.
 Modular depiction of the complete system in form of Data flow

diagram created- input/ process/ output.
 System tested with test data & bugs if any have to be

corrected.
100
Data Flow Diagram
 Data flow diagram is a graphical representation of data flow.
 It is made of nodes and branches.
 Each node performs below activity:
 Take Input.
 Process the data.
 Give output.
101
Systems Implementation
 Fully tested system is now reaches the stage of
implementation, which include
 Master files creation-
– Collection of all relevant data from the existing records.
– Putting them in formats designed.
– Generally contain errors & have to be checked.
 Acceptance test given to user group. If results are satisfactory
then old system ready for replacement.
 Documentation of the system.
 Users’ training.
 Program execution.
102
System Operation & Maintenance
 Satisfactorily implemented system handed

over to user for operation.
 Smooth operation guaranteed through proper

training & sound documentation of the
system.
103
Computers in Healthcare
104
Why Computers in Hospitals?
 Capable & useful tool but not a solution by itself.
 All patient activities in modern hospital handled by computers.
 Reasons to use computers in hospital
 Increase organizational efficiency- to reduce of cost of delivery
of healthcare.
 Relevant, accurate, complete, timely information for various
department requiring data.
 To increase managerial effectiveness in planning, allocating &
controlling scarce & expensive resources.
 Quality care at reasonable cost.
 To improve MIS.
 Reduce clerical time.
105
Categories of Information System in Hospital
 Clinical or Medical Information System to support direct

patient-care activities. Sometimes referred as Hospital
Information System (HIS).
 Operational Administrative System to aid management in

non-patient care activities.
 Management Planning & Control System (MIS) for making

policy decisions and involve planning, controlling & evaluating.
106
Computer in Nursing Service
 Can capture variety of data on bedside terminal for use by

doctors as well as billing section
 Lab tests
 X-Ray reports
 History of patients
107
Computers in ICU
 Biosensors attached to patients for monitoring & recording vital

parameters.
 Alerts generated by central monitoring computer in case
abnormality detected.
 Continuous improvement in such system leading to saving of
patient lives & prolonging longevity.
108
Computers in ICU
109
Computers in Imaging
CT Scan
 A computed tomography (CT) scan is an imaging method that
uses x-rays to create pictures of cross-sections of the body.
 Related tests include:
 Abdominal CT Scan
 Cranial CT Scan
 Lumbosacral Spine CT Scan
 Orbit CT Scan
 Thoracic CT Scan
110
111
MRI
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), is a medical imaging
technique used in radiology to investigate the anatomy and
physiology of the body in both health and disease.
 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (NMRI)
 Magnetic Resonance Tomography (MRT)
112
113
 Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS)

Technology
 Earlier scanning used to produce films as reports.
 Using PACS technology, health care providers store digital
images from medical devices.
 Long-term cost savings by eliminating the expense of film
processing and storage.
 PACS installation generally requires considerable up-front
capital.
114
 What is a PACS?
 PACS technology uses networked hardware and software to store,
retrieve, present and distribute digital diagnostic images, such as
ultrasound or magnetic resonance images.
 PACS technology also allows medical practices to save on film storage
space, film processing equipment, supplies and personnel.
 Components of PACS
 Devices for taking pictures, such as a MRI Imager or a CT scanner.
 Servers for storing a large volume of image data and related
information.
 A secure network.
 Workstations, generally client computers, with high-resolution monitors
for displaying the images
115
Computers in Laboratories
 Orders for tests keyed in at OPD & wards- printed out at lab.
 After tests results transmitted back.
 Online access to the Test Reports.
116
Computers in Pharmacy
 Enables proper & accurate Inventory Management

– Reduce Storage Problems.
– Reduce money tied up in higher than required stock levels.
– Avoid stock-out situations.
 Billing of medicines.
 Reward Points.
117
Computers in Hospital Administrations
 Decisions by healthcare administrators have to be

based on the best information available.
 Computerized MIS can provide the required
information at each level of management at the right
time in right form.
 Key to controlling cost & improving quality care.
 For this networking of all functional areas &
departments for sharing of information.
118
Computers in Finance & Accounts
 Use of computers in this field well established.
 Computer is million times faster & much cheaper than manual
processing
 Preparation of pay-roll of 1000 employees takes 10 days
manually & hardly one day by computer.
 Maintenance of in-patient register of accounts dept of a 300
bedded hospital takes about 30 days manually & about 2 days
if done using computer.
 Can be used for
 Payroll Accounting
 Hospital Billing
 Costing
 Monthly Income/Expenditure
119
Computers in MRD
 The Medical Records Department is responsible for

maintaining medical records in a standardized and professional
manner in order to protect patient confidentiality.
 Allows adequate access to providers in order to promote quality
patient care.
 Integral part of quality patient care:
 Billing
 Submission of statistical reports for compilation of statistics
 Providing information to management for utilization review
 Minimal storage space
120
Computers in HRD
 Human Resource Information System is logically an inventory
of the positions & skills existing in the given organization.
 Easy storage & access of personal records, attendance, leave

records, salary records, promotion, training, transfers,
gathering performance appraisal.
 Enables a global view of available human resource stock for

more meaningful interpretations.
 Facilitates in recruitment process.
121
Use of Internet in Healthcare
 Book Doctor’s appointment online.

 Hospitals and Doctor’s share their availability to these websites.
 User can go online and select a doctor’s appointment of his choice.
 Below are few examples:

 www.lybrate.com
 www.practo.com
 www.bookmydoctor.in
 www.mylifecare.co.in
 www.apolloedoc.co.in
122
Conclusion
 Computers are considered as possibly the most important
invention of 20th century & possibly as one of the most
significant in history.
 Hospitals are one of the most complex organizations with

varied activities with common goal to provide quality medical
care at optimal cost which can be facilitated by use of
computers.
 Rapid availability of complete and accurate information improve

chances of early diagnosis and speedier treatment.
123
Q&A
124

AHA - Computer Fundamentals

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

AHA - Computer Fundamentals

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

 Information Concepts & Processing

 Information System is the system of

Year Computer Development

1642 First Mechanical Calculating Machine – Pascal Machine

1671 Improved Pascal Machine – Ad Gofried Leibrietzi

1792 – 1871 Difference Engine – Charles Babbage (Father of Computer)

1880 Tabulating Machine (Punch Card) – Herman Hollerith

1940 Howard Mark I – IBM (4 addition/subtraction per sec)

1946 ENIAC – Based on Mark I

Generation Based On Period

Second Generation Transistors 1960

Third Generation Integrated Circuits (ICs) 1965

Fourth Generation Microprocessors 1975

Fifth Generation Large Scale Integrated Circuits 1980

Speed is the key advantage Computers are extremely Computers do calculations

Analog Computers Digital Computers Hybrid Computers

•Takes Physical •Operates on Data in •Combination of Analog

Contains number of processing units which operate in

Mainframe Computers Large computer but can be connected to various

Mini Computers Inferior to Mainframe in both Speed and Storage. They

Basic Types of Memory

Primary Memory Secondary Memory

 ROM – Read Only Memory

– PROM – Programmable Read Only Memory (One Time

– EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, EPROM can be

– EEPROM – Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, Need not

 Physical Component of Computer

 Peripheral is a computer hardware that is attached to

 Used to give information to the Computer.

Voice Bar Codes

2. Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)

 Hard Disk Drives

 Floppy Disk Drives

 CD ROM & DVD

 Pen Drives / Flash Drives

Application Software System Software

Ready Made Software Customized Software

“A network of data processing nodes that are

“An interconnection of three or more communicating

 WAN – Wide Area Network (Covers a broad geographic area, uses

 Based on Network Topology

 Based on Connection Method

 Based on Functional Relationship

 It tells the Physical and Logical interconnections (Topology) between

 Physical Topology tells the links between two nodes of a network.

 Logical Topology tells the flow of data between two nodes of a

 Physical and Logical Topology may or may not be same.

 Purpose of networking is to share resources.

“All usernames and passwords are stored in the same

 Most common server is a file server.

“The network attached storage device usually runs a special

 To upload a website a host computer and server

 This manages the communication protocols and the

 Its basic job is secure and manage the web site.

 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

 Uses as communication protocols

 Transport hypertext documents over internet

 It tells the server what to send to the clients so that

 A URL describe the

 Search Programs locate needed information in a data base.

“Operating System themselves have no user interface, the user of

 Basic tasks of Operating System.