SYLLABUS

ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND

CIRCUITS (19EC0402)
UNIT – V
Small Signal Low Frequency Transistor Amplifier
Analysis: Frequency Response of Amplifier, Transistor
hybrid model, Generalized analysis of Transistor
amplifier using h-parameter model, Simplified Hybrid
Model - Analysis of CE, CB and CC amplifiers using
Approximate Model, Analysis of CE amplifier with
emitter resistance using simplified hybrid model.
FET Amplifier Analysis: Small Signal Model, Analysis
of CS and CD Amplifiers at Low frequencies.
 Small Signal Low Frequency Transistor
Amplifier Analysis
Frequency Response of Amplifier
Amplifiers and filters are widely used electronic circuits
that have the properties of amplification and
filtration, hence their names.
Frequency Response of an electric or electronics circuit
allows us to see exactly how the output gain (known
as the magnitude response) and the phase (known as
the phase response) changes at a particular single
frequency, or over a whole range of different
frequencies from 0Hz, (d.c.) to many thousands of
mega-hertz, (MHz) depending upon the design
characteristics of the circuit.
 Frequency Response of Amplifier
• Generally, the frequency response analysis of a circuit
or system is shown by plotting its gain, that is the size
of its output signal to its input
signal, Output/Input against a frequency scale over
which the circuit or system is expected to operate. 
• Then we can see that the frequency response of any
given circuit is the variation in its behavior with
changes in the input signal frequency as it shows the
band of frequencies over which the output (and the
gain) remains fairly constant.
Frequency Response of Amplifier
 Transistor hybrid model
• The equivalent circuit of a transistor can be dram
using simple approximation by retaining its essential
features.
• These equivalent circuits will aid in analyzing
transistor circuits easily and rapidly.
• A transistor can be treated as a two part network.
The terminal behavior of any two part network can
be specified by the terminal voltages V1& V2at parts
1 & 2 respectively and current i1and i2, entering
parts 1 & 2, respectively, as shown in figure.
 Two port network

•Of these four variables V1, V2, i1and i2, two can be
selected as independent variables and the remaining
two can be expressed in terms of these independent
variables.
•This leads to various two part parameters out of which
the following three are more important.
Hybrid Parameters or h-parameters
• If the input current i1and output Voltage V2are takes
as independent variables, the input voltage V1and
output current i2can be written as
V1= h11i1+ h12V2
i2= h21i1+ h22V2
• The four hybrid parameters h11, h12, h21and h22are
defined as follows.
h11= [V1/ i1] with V2= 0
= Input Impedance with output part
short circuited.
Hybrid Parameters or h-parameters
h22= [i2/ V2] with i1= 0
= Output admittance with input part open
circuited.
h12= [V1/ V2] with i1= 0
= reverse voltage transfer ratio with input part
open circuited.
h21= [i2/ i1] with V2= 0
= Forward current gain with output part short
circuited.
Hybrid Parameters or h-parameters
h11-Ω,h22–mhos
h12, h21 –dimension less.
as the dimensions are not alike, (i.e) they are hybrid in
nature, and these parameters are called as hybrid
parameters.
The Hybrid Model for Two-port Network:-
V1= h11 i1+ h12V2
I2= h1i1+ h22V2
↓
V1= h1i1+ hrV2
I2 = hfi1+ h0V2
The Hybrid Model for Two-port
Network
 Transistor Hybrid Model
• ModelUse of h –parameters to describe a transistor have
the following advantages:
• •h –parameters are real numbers up to radio frequencies .
• •They are easy to measure
• •They can be determined from the transistor static
characteristics curves.
• •They are convenient to use in circuit analysis and
design.
• •Easily convert able from one configuration to other.
• •Readily supplied by manufactories
Transistor Hybrid Model CE Configuration

In common emitter transistor configuration, the

input signal is applied between the base and
emitter terminals of the transistor and output
appears between the collector and emitter
terminals.
The input voltage (Vbe) and the output current (ic)
are given by the following equations:
Vbe= hie.ib+ hre.
Vcie= hfe.ib+ hoe.Vc
Transistor Hybrid Model CE Configuration
Transistor Hybrid Model CE Configuration

• In common emitter transistor configuration, the input

signal is applied between the base and emitter
terminals of the transistor and output appears between
the collector and emitter terminals.
• The input voltage (Vbe) and the output current (ic)
are given by the following equations:
Vbe= hie.ib+ hre.
Vcie= hfe.ib+ hoe.Vc
Transistor Hybrid Model CE Configuration
 Transistor Hybrid Model CB Configuration

• Where
hie=(∂f1/∂iB)Vc= (∂vB/∂iB)Vc= (ΔvB/ΔiB)Vc= (vb/ ib)Vc
hre=(∂f1/∂vc)IB= (∂vB/∂vc)IB= (ΔvB/Δvc) IB= (vb/vc) IB
hfe =(∂f2/∂iB)Vc= (∂ic/∂iB)Vc= (Δ ic/ΔiB)Vc= (ic/ ib)Vc
hoe= (∂f2/∂vc)IB= (∂ic/∂vc) IB= (Δ ic/Δvc) IB= (ic/vc) IB

The same theory is extended to other configurations

including CB and CC
Hybrid Model and Equations for the transistor
in three different configuration
 FET AMPLIFIER ANALYSIS
• Field Effect Transistor (FET) amplifiers provide an
excellent voltage gain and high input impedance.
• Because of high input impedance and other
characteristics of JFETs they are preferred over BJTs
for certain types of applications.
• There are 3 basic FET circuit configurations:
• i)Common Source
• ii)Common Drain
• iii)Common Gain
THE FET SMALL SIGNAL MODEL
 THE FET SMALL SIGNAL MODEL

The reciprocal of the rd is the drain conductance gd .It is also

designated by Yos and Gos and called the common source
output conductance . So the small signal equivalent circuit
for FET can be drawn in two different ways.
1.small signal current –source model
2.small signal voltage-source model.
A small signal current –source model for FET in common
source configuration can be drawn satisfying Eq→(1) as
shown in the figure(a)
 THE FET SMALL SIGNAL MODEL
• The small signal voltage-source model is shown in
the figure(b).
• This can be derived by finding the Thevenin’s
equivalent for the output part of fig(a) .
• These small signal models for FET can be used for
analyzing the three basic FET amplifier
configurations:
• 1.common source (CS)
• 2.common drain (CD) or source follower
• 3. common gate(CG).
 Common Source (CS) Amplifier

Voltage Gain
Source resistance (RS) is used to set the Q-Point but is
bypassed by CS for mid-frequency operation. From the
small signal equivalent circuit ,the output voltage
VO = -RDμVgs(RD + rd) Where Vgs = Vi , the input
voltage, Hence, the voltage gain,
AV = VO / Vi = -RDμ(RD + rd)
 Common Source (CS) Amplifier
Input Impedence
From Fig Input Impedence is Zi = RG
For voltage divider bias as in CE Amplifiers of BJT
RG = R1 ║ R2
Output Impedance
Output impedance is the impedance measured at the
output terminals with the input voltage VI = 0
From the Fig when the input voltage Vi = 0, Vgs = 0 and
hence
μ Vgs = 0
Output impedence Zo = rd ║ RD
Normally rd will be far greater than RD . Hence Zo ≈ RD
 Common Drain Amplifier
• A simple common drain amplifier is shown in Fig.
7.2(a) and associated small signal equivalent circuit
using the voltage source model of FET is shown in
Fig. 7.2(b).
• Since voltage Vgd is more easily determined than
Vgs, the voltage source in the output circuit is
expressed in terms of Vgs and Thevenin’s theorem.
 Common Drain Amplifier

Voltage Gain
The output voltage,
VO = RSμVgd / (μ + 1) RS + rd
Where Vgd = Vi the input voltage.
Hence, the voltage gain,
Av = VO / Vi = RSμ / (μ + 1) RS + rd
 Common Drain Amplifier
Output Impedence
From Fig. 7.2(b), Output impedence measured at the
output terminals with input voltage Vi = 0 can be
calculated from the following equivalent circuit.
As Vi = 0: Vgd = 0: μvgd / (μ + 1) = 0
Output Impedence
ZO = rd / (μ + 1) ║RS
When μ » 1
ZO = ( rd / μ) ║RS = (1/gm) ║RS
 References
• https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/amplifier/
frequency-response.html#:~:text=Most%20mo
dern%20audio%20amplifiers%20have,frequen
cy%20response%20of%20the%20circuit
.
• https://
www.electronics-tutorials.ws/amplifier/freque
ncy-response.html
• https://www.electrical4u.com/hybrid-paramete
rs-or-h-parameters
/