ACADEMIC WRITING

Long Paper

- P. Monikka
1st year, MSc. Clinical Psychology
Components of Research Paper
•Introduction. •Procedure
•Review of Literature •Statistical analysis
•Methodology •Need for the study
•Sample method •Result
•Sample size •Discussion
•Inclusion criteria •Conclusion
•Exclusion criteria •Limitation
•Further proceeding
 Introduction
• You need to start with a strong introduction. The introduction is written to
provide a background or context related to your research problem. It is
important to frame the research question while writing the proposal.
• The introduction usually covers the following elements:
• What is the purpose of your research or study?
1. Mention the background information and significance before you introduce
your research question.
2. Introduce your research question in a way that its significance is highlighted by
setting the stage for it.
3. Briefly mention the issues that you are going to discuss and highlight in your
study.
 Review of Literature
A separate section dedicated to the literature review will allow you to conduct
extensive background research and support your research question with ample
proof from credible sources and research.
• The following are the basic purposes of the literature review:
• To give reference to the researchers whose study has been a part of your research.
• To help you construct a precise and clear research question.
• To critically evaluate previous literature information related to your research.
• To understand research issues relevant to the topic of your research.
1. To convince the reader that your research is an important contribution to the
relevant niche.
Example
Study on investigation of problematic mobile phones use and fear of
missing out (FoMO) level in adolescents aimed to examine the
problematic mobile phone use (PMPU) and the level of fear of missing
out on developments in social media (FoMO) in adolescents. Data were
collected from 1630 samples using the Fear of Missing Out Scale
(FoMOs) and Problematic Mobile Phone Use (PU). Through correlation
and regression analysis, it was found that there is a significant
difference depending on the frequency of social media and phone use
while significant relationship between fear of missing out and phone
use. (Coskun, S., & Muslu, G.K. 2019)
 Methodology
• This section explains how you are going to conduct your research and
the method you choose for your research question. Explain why the
specific method is suitable for your research and how will it help you
attain your research goals. Your research methodology will give you
an organized plan for the research.
• Aim, Objective, Hypothesis, Research Design, Data Collection,
Variables Of The Study, Operational Definition, Sample Description,
Sampling Technique, Tools Used, Tool Description, Method Of
Investigation, Statistics Used, Research Schedule.
Cont.
• Aim- A research aim is what the author or writer hopes to achieve at the
end of the research. It gives an overview of what readers will gain at the
end of the theme. Furthermore, it outlines the focal point of the study.
Eg:- To study the...
• Objective- Research objectives describe what your research is trying to
achieve and explain why you are pursuing it. They summarize the
approach and purpose of your project and help to focus your research.
Eg:- To identify stress among young adults.
To determine the physical activity among young adults.
To identify stress and physical activity among young adults.
Cont.
• Hypothesis- A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by
scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or
more variables, you need to write hypotheses before you start your
experiment or data collection.
• To most common types: Null & Alternative Hypothesis
1. Null Hypothesis- There is no significant relationship between...
2. Alternative Hypothesis- There is a significant relationship
between...
Cont.
• Research Design- A research design is a strategy for answering your
research question using empirical data.
Eg:- Qualitative or Quantitative; Experimental or Quasi-experimental
• Data Collection- is the process of gathering and measuring
information on variables of interest, in an established systematic
fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test
hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.
• Data collection method- Primary & Secondary method
Cont.
• Variables of the study- Independent variable & Dependent variable
• Operational definition- Definition of the variable.
• Sample description- Eg:- The sample consists of 200 young adults, both
men, and women aged between 20 and 30 years old. In the 200 samples
collected, 52% of individuals identified themselves as male and 48% of
individuals identified themselves as female.
• Sampling technique- Whether probability or Non- probability.
• Tools used- what are the tools used in your research.
• Tools description- description about the tools such as author name,
validity, reliability, published year, number of items and scoring.
Cont.
• Statistical used- concerns data collection, interpretation and
presentation. It can be approached while handling data to solve
complex problems. More precisely, the statistical analysis
delivers significance to insignificant/irrelevant data or numbers. 
Eg:-Whether descriptive or inferential statistical analysis; T-test,
Anova, Chi-square.
 Inclusion Criteria
• Inclusion criteria comprise the characteristics or attributes that
prospective research participants must have in order to be included in the
study. Common inclusion criteria can be demographic, clinical, or
geographic in nature.
• Eg:- You are running a clinical trial for a new treatment for individuals
with chronic heart failure. The following inclusion criteria apply:
• 18 to 80 years of age
• Diagnosis of chronic heart failure at least 6 months before trial
• On stable doses of heart failure therapies
Willing to return for required follow-up (post-test) visits
 Exclusion Criteria
• Exclusion criteria comprise characteristics used to identify potential research
participants who should not be included in a study. These can also include those
that lead to participants withdrawing from a research study after being initially
included.
Eg:- In the clinical trial for individuals with chronic heart failure, the following
exclusion criteria apply:
The patient requires valve or other cardiac surgery
The patient is unable to carry out any physical activity without discomfort
The patient had a stroke within three months prior to enrollment
The patient refuses to give informed consent
1. The patient is a candidate for coronary bypass surgery or something similar
Thankyou ...!
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