CONSTRUCTION

OF
INTEGRAL TYPE
OF BUS
Presented To: Presented By:
Mrs. Meeta Sharma Priyanka Singh
A2325310014
 Introduction

 Bus manufacturing is a specific sector of the automotive industry, which

carries out the manufacturing of buses and coaches .

 In the 1980s, many minibuses were built by applying bus bodies

to van chassis, so called 'van derived' buses.

 In the 1990s, bus manufacture underwent major change with the push
toward low-floor designs, for improved accessibility. Some smaller designs
achieved this by moving the door behind the front wheels. On most larger
buses, it was achieved with various independent front
suspension arrangements, and kneeling technology, to allow an
unobstructed path into the door and between the front wheel arches.
 
 Further accessibility is being achieved for high-floor coaches, whereby
new designs are featuring built-in wheelchair lifts.
While the overwhelming majority of bus designs have been
geared to internal combustion engine propulsion,
accommodation has also been made for a variety of alternative
drivelines and fuels, as in electric, fuel cell and hybrid
bus technologies. Some bus designs have also
incorporated guidance technology.
Types of Bus body 

 
 Classic or Normal control bus
 
 Single deck bus
 
 Split level
 
 Double Decker
 
 Two level single Decker
 
 Articulated bus 

 
Classification of bus by Passenger capacity

 
 Micro bus 

 Small coaches for long distance 

 Small buses for towns 

 Medium coaches for long distance

  Medium buses for towns 

 Large coaches for long distances

  Large buses for towns 

 Very large buses for towns 
Type of Construction

There are three basic types of bus manufacturer:

• Chassis manufacturer - builds the underframe in a body-on-

frame type construction.

• Body manufacturer - builds the coachwork a body-on-frame

type construction.

• Integral manufacturer - builds entire buses, often using no

underframe at all.
THE CHASSIS COMBINES :
 A structural underframe

 Engine and radiator

 Gearbox and transmission

 Wheels, axles and suspension

 Dashboard and steering wheel and driver's seat

The chassis can be front-engined, mid-engined, or rear-engine.
Most chassis will mount the radiator at the front, irrespective of
engine position, for more efficient cooling.
Chassis products will often be available in different standard
lengths, even produced in articulated variants, and often be used
for both bus and coach bodywork, such as the Volvo B10M. The
same chassis may even be used for single- or double-decker
bus bodywork
BODY WORK:

The bus body builder will build the body onto the chassis. This will
involve major consideration of:
 Usage

 Seating capacity

 Staircase position/design (double-decker buses)

 Number and position of doors

 Bodywork is built for three general uses:

 Bus

 Dual Purpose

 Coach

Bus bodywork is usually geared to short trips, with many transit

bus features. Coach bodywork is for longer distance trips, with luggage
racks and under-floor lockers. Other facilities may include toilets and
televisions.
A dual purpose design is usually a bus body with upgraded coach style
seating, for longer distance travel. Some exclusive coach body designs can
also be available to a basic dual purpose fitment.
In past double-deck designs, buses were built to a low bridge design, due to
overall height restrictions.
General design issues:

Bus manufacturers have to have consideration for some general issues

common to body, chassis or integral builders.

 Maximum weight (laden and unladen)

 Stability - often a tilt test pass is required

 Maximum dimensions - length and width restrictions may apply

 Fuel consumption

 Emissions standards

 Accessibility
In the 1990s onwards, some bus manufacturers have moved towards
making transit bus interiors more comparable to private cars, to
encourage public transport  ridership. Other additions have seen
multimedia and passenger information systems, and CCTV systems.
With these developments, bus designs have been increasing in weight,
which is a concern for operators with the rising price of fuels in the
2000s (decade).
Body design aspects :
* Floor height 
* Shaping of the frame allows the body to be lowered. The floor should be
placed as low down as possible so that the distance of center of gravity from
the road surface is as small as possible. 
* Power plant location 
* Engine behind the front axle 
* Engine above front axle 
* Engine in front of front axle  
* Engine at rear 
* Engine at under floor 
* Location of Entrance and Exit 
 Construction details  
Frame construction 
 Chassis preparation 

 Side and front framing

 
 Roof framing and rear end
 
 Truss panel riveted
 
 General inspection
 
 Flooring and interior lining
 
 Roof panels
 
 Panelling and moulding
 
 Final finishing 
 Double skin construction

All metal bodies or composite bodies are adopted for bu
sbody construction. In composite body construction
wood is used considerably in between metal member
and outside panels. Double skin construction is also
being adopted. 
Normally inner skin will take part in load carrying and
outer skin will be fixed in such a way that it can be
replaced easily
 Types of metal sections used 

1. Curved section
2. Channel section
3. Angle section
4. Zed section
5. Corner pillar section
6. Drip rail section
 Regulations  

There are nothing but laws regarding the length, height,

width, window height and width, door height and width,
front overhang and rear overhang, roof height from the
floor etc.
 Conventional and integral
type construction
Conventional design 

The conventional chassis building involves

in building up of a ladder type frame with
two long side members interconnected by
cross members at intervals. The units like
engine, gear box, radiator, axles, steering
wheel, fuel tank are mounted on the
frame
 Integral design

In the integral bus construction, the base

structure is formed by building a structure
with four long side members, cross members
out-riggers and wheel arch supports, units like
engine, gear box, axles etc. These are
mounded on the flexible under structure,
which is fabricated by welding.