Numerical Busbar Protection

MiCOM P740

Henri GRASSET
Marketing Products

Lattes, February 2005

 CT Saturation

> Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 3

 CT Saturation

 For external faults supplied by one feeder:

 Total of the fault current flowing through the corresponding CT
carries maximum risk of CT saturation.
 It is assumed that the maximum magnetic flux could be reached
in 2ms after fault inception (combined effect of fault current
magnitude and magnetic remanent (residual) (CT class X or
TPX)).
 The following slides summarise the signal definition for each
step of fault evolution:
 Load current (prior to fault)
 During fault, before saturation
 During fault, during saturation
 Superimposed quantities can be used to supply an additional
criterion of CT saturation detection.

> Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 4

 CT Saturation
Internal Fault

3000
3000 / 5/A5 A 3000 / 5 A
9000 A 3000 / 5 A 9000 A
X 10500 A X
20600 A
X
X X X
X
150 / 5 A 1500 / 5 A 500 / 5 A 150 / 5 A
100 A 1400 A 1000 A 100 A

> Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 5

 CT Saturation
External Fault

3000
3000 / 5/A5 A 3000 / 5 A
9000 A 3000 / 5 A 9000 A
X 10500 A X
X
X X X
X
500 / 5 A
150 / 5 A 1500 / 5 A 19600 A 150 / 5 A
100 A 1400 A 39.2 x In 100 A
Saturation

> Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 6

 CT Saturation

External Fault - Fault fed from one outgoing feeder

Prior to During fault, before During fault, during

Fault saturation saturation
Image of feeder current ix Ix +  ix = Ix + iF 0
(secondary) isx =
Image of feeder  current
isx = 0  ix = iF ix  - iF
sum of Currents 0 0 -(ix + ix) -(ix + iF)
 (i+i)
Sum of  currents: I 0 0  -ix
Restraining current
i i+i|  (i+i|) - |ix +iF
IT
sum of absolute value of  0 i| i|) - | iF |
currents  |i|
Particular case a = 1(fault i| = 2 iF i|) /2
fed from one end)

> Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 7

 CT Saturation

 Flux change with asymmetrical primary current

 Case 1-Remnant flux but no offset in the primary current

 Case 2-Primary current is fully offset

> Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 8

 CT Saturation
Case 1-Remanent flux but no offset in the primary current

> Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 9

 CT Saturation

Case 2-Primary current is fully offset

0 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 10

 CT Saturation

 Time-to-saturation is important in the design and

application of protective relays

 The time-to-saturation of a CT is determined by the

following parameters:
 Fault current magnitude
 Remnant flux in the CT core
 Degree of fault current offset
 Secondary circuit impedance
 Saturation voltage
 Turns ratio

1 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 11

 CT Saturation

Secondary waveforms with increasing remanent flux

2 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 12

 CT Saturation

Secondary waveforms with increasing remanent flux

3 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 13

 CT Saturation

Secondary waveforms with increasing remanent flux

4 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 14

 Primary Current Transient

 The power system, neglecting load circuits, is mostly inductive, so that

when a short circuit occurs, the fault current that flows is given by:

EP
 (R ).t 
iP  . sin(t     )  sin(   ).e L
(R²   ² L²)  

iS(t)
L (t)
iP (t) R
P 740
short circuit
e (t)

 Where:
 Ep : peak system e.m.f
 R : system resistance
 L : system inductance
  : initial phase angle governed by instant of fault
occurrence
  : system power factor angle = tan -1 L/R

5 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 15

 Primary Current Transient

 The first term of the equation represents the steady state

alternating current, while the second is a transient quantity
responsible for displacing the waveform asymmetrically.

EP
 is the steady state peak current IP.
(R²   ² L²)

 The maximum transient occurs when sin (-) =2 1 or - =

 So:iP  I . sin(t   )  e (
R ). t 
L
P  
 2 

 When the current is passed through the primary winding of

a current transformer, the response can be examined by
replacing the CT with an equivalent circuit as shown in the
next slide.
6 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 16
 Equivalent Circuit of a CT

Ideal CT IS RCT LS
IP IS CT Terminal
T
Iµ

VS Xµ VB RB

N1 N2
CT Terminal

 VS is the secondary exciting voltage

 VB is the CT terminal across external burden
 IP is the primary current
 Xµ is the exciting impedance
 Ist is the total secondary current
 RCT is the secondary resistance
 LS is the secondary leakage inductance (negligible)
 Iµ is the exciting current
 N1: N2 is the CT turns ratio
 RB is the burden resistance (includes secondary devices and leads)

7 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 17

 Equivalent Circuit of a CT

 N2 . (IS + I) = N1. IP

With I magnetic current or exciting current of the CT.

 For an “ideal” CT (no losses) or by no CT saturation

condition, the exiting current of the CT, I is negligible:
 N2 . IS  N1. IP

 When the exponential component drives the CT into

saturation (magnetic flux (t) reaches its maximum value max),
the magnetic inductance decreases, causing a large increase in
the alternating component I.
 N2 . I  N1. IP with N2 . IS  0.

8 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 18

 CT Characteristic

+ +
+max max
+R CT class TPX CT class TPY
or X (without airgap) (with airgap)
R  0,8 . max R  01./0,2 . max
+R

i i

-R

- R
-max -max

- -

9 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 19

 Knee Point Voltage

 The knee point voltage of the excitation curve is defined as that point at which a
further increase of 10% of secondary e.m.f would require an increment of exciting
current of 50%.

E
Eim VK/turn = B.S./2
Vk
+10%
Vk Vk = 0,8 x Elim

+50%

I k

I

Class X of BS 3938/IEC 60044-1

0 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 20
 Knee Point Voltage

 The exciting or magnetic reactance X=Vk/Iis more greater for a TPX than for
a TPY (less consumption of the exciting current if no air gap).

E
Vk TPY
TPY

TPX
Vk TPX

I

Class X of BS 3938/IEC 60044-1

1 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 21
 Secondary Current

 If  (t) is between -  max and +  max,

 The magnetic reactance X= L .  >> (RCT+RB) and N2 . IS  N1. IP
 If  (t) is >   max,
 The magnetic reactance Xsaturated= L saturated .  << (RCT+RB) and
N2 . I’µ = N1. IP . j . Lsaturated . / (j . Lsaturated .  + RCT +RB)
 As X saturated= L saturated .  << (RCT+RB) then
N2 . I’µ = N1. IP . j . Lsaturated . / (RCT +RB)
= N1. IP . j . k with k = Lsaturated . / (RCT +RB) << 1

N1 .iP
 During CT saturation
conditions, I’µ is shifted N2 .iS
of 90° in advanced to
the primary current. N2 .i

2 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 22

 Busbar Differential Element

»1.5

»1

»0.5
 During CT saturation »Prim
»0
conditions, the busbar »Sec ’y
»0 »5 »10 »15 »20 »25 »30
differential element will »-0.5
detect a differential current
»-1
and may maloperate. For
that reason, the busbar »-1.5
differential algorithm should
be blocked if any CT
»2
saturation is detected
wherever is the fault »1.5
(external or internal).
»1 »Prim
»Sec ’y
»0.5

»0
»0 »5 »10 »15 »20 »25 »30
»-0.5

3 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 23

 Busbar Differential Element

External Fault with CT saturation

»1.5 »1.5

»1 »1

»0.5 »0.5

»0 »Diff »0 »Prim
»0 »5 »10 »15 »20 »25 »30 »0 »5 »10 »15 »20 »25 »30 »Sec ’y
»-0.5 »-0.5

»-1 »-1

»-1.5 »-1.5

Internal Fault
»1.5

»1

»0.5

»0 »Diff
»0 »5 »10 »15 »20 »25 »30
»-0.5

»-1

»-1.5

4 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 24

 Flux Calculation

d
 e (t) = Instantaneous e.m.f = K .
dt
1
  (t) = Instantaneous Magnetic Flux = . e ( t ).dt  R
K
with R: remanent flux

 Induced voltage e (t): di

 e (t) = (RCT + RBPh) . iPh (t) + RBN . iN (t) + LS .
dt


 Image of Magnetic  e t .dt
flux:
  (t) =

5 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 25

 Flux Calculation

 Image of Magnetic flux:

t    e t .dt

t   RCT  RBPh . iPh t .dt RBN . iN t .dt  LS .i t 

with LS negligible
t   RCT  RBPh . iPh t .dt RBN . iN t .dt

 Discreet flux calculation:

k   RCT  RBPh . iPh k   iPh k  1 2  RBN . iN k   iN k  1 2

6 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 26

 Calculation of the Image of the Magnetic Flux

k   RCT  RBPh . iPh k   iPh k  1 2  RBN . iN k   iN k  1 2

1
Ik-1
0.8
Ik
0.6

0.4
k
0.2
c u rren t

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1

0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
time(s)

 RCT = Current Transformer Resistance (set in the PU)

 RBPh = Phase Burden Resistance (set in the PU)
 RBPh/RBN = Ratio Phase / Neutral Resistance (set in the PU)

7 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 27

 CT Saturation Detection
Flux Calculation

 If the calculated flux is greater than 20% of the maximum

flux, a CT saturation is presumed:
 calculated > 20% max discrete
 max discrete = (Fe . Vk . 512)/(2 .  . F)

 With:
 Fe = 2.400 Hz (sampling frequency),
 Vk = Knee point Voltage
 512* = 2.IN converted to Digital
F = Power System Frequency 50/60 Hz

*: 16bits ADC: +/- 64x IN (65536 / 2 / 64)

8 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 28

 CT Saturation Detection
Flux Measurement

Flux Criterion
Instantaneous flux

Initial flux = 0
9 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 29
 CT Saturation Detection
Flux Measurement

Flux Criterion
Instantaneous flux

Initial flux = Remanant flux = 80% flux max

0 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 30
 CT Saturation Detection
Derived Detection

 With 2400Hz sampling,

maximum variation between 2
Max samples of sinusoidal current
can not exceed 14% of the
14% of Max magnitude.

 Magnitude = Max(Ik) during the last period with minimum of 0.5 In

 Derived criterion:
 Ik - Ik-1 > 0.2 Magnitude

1 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 31

 CT Saturation Detection
Amplitude Criterion
Sample > Magnitude

Sample < Magnitude

 At 2400Hz sampling, the
variation on 3 consecutive
samples is measured. If the
current increases the CT does
not saturate.

 Amplitude criterion, there is no CT saturation if

 | Ik | > | Ik-1 | > | Ik-2 |

2 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 32

 CT Saturation Detection
Variation Detection

Variation criterion
Amplitude
criterion
Derived criterion
Instantaneous
variation

Initial flux = 0
3 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 33
 CT Saturation Detection
Variation Detection

Variation criterion
Amplitude
criterion
Derived criterion
Instantaneous
variation

Initial flux = Remanant flux = 80% flux max

4 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 34
 CT Saturation Detection

 Start of CT saturation algorithm

 Variation of current detected from derived
calculation

 Stop of CT saturation algorithm

 No variation of current during more than 100ms

 1.6 ms after the first current variation and as long as the

current increases (criterion amplitude), no CT saturation is
indicated.

 Then, the differential element is blocked if a saturation is

detected:
 Variation of current (criterion derived)
AND
 20% of maximum of the flux reached

5 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 35

 CT Saturation Detection

 Current variation:
 First variation is maintained 150ms
 Next variations are maintained 50ms

 Flux variation:
 Start flux calculation when CT saturation
algorithm picks up, i.e. at first variation of current
 If the flux calculated reaches 20% of the
maximum flux, the logic criterion is maintained
until the CT saturation detection is reset

 Saturation detection:
 Blocking order is sent to the CU if both criteria,
current variation and flux variation are verified

6 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 36

 CT Saturation Detection

Saturation
Amplitude
criterion
Derived criterion
Instantaneous
variation

Flux Criterion
Instantaneous
flux
1.6 ms

Initial flux = 0
7 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 37
 CT Saturation Detection

Saturation
Amplitude
criterion
Derived criterion
Instantaneous
variation

Flux Criterion
50ms Instantaneous
150ms 50ms
flux
1.6 ms 100ms

Initial flux = 0
8 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 38
 CT Saturation Detection

Saturation
Amplitude
criterion
Derived criterion
Instantaneous
variation

Flux Criterion
Instantaneous
flux

Initial flux = Remanant flux = 80% flux max

9 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 39
 CT Saturation Detection

Saturation
Amplitude
criterion
Derived criterion
Instantaneous
variation

Flux Criterion
50ms
Instantaneous
150ms 50ms flux
1.6 ms 100ms

Initial flux = Remanant flux = 80% flux max

0 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 40
 CT Saturation Detection

Disturbance record from RTDS test

1 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 41
 CT Saturation Detection
Signal Processing
Logic for CT saturation detection and high speed external fault detection
Error
calculation  Digital
initiation FFFF
saturation
i(t)
Maximum flux
(t) & To 87BB
Starting Iph>2 to 87BB 1 tripping
presumption signal interruption
Enabled
& interruption

tph2
Iph>2 0
22ms & 0
Iph>2 to local
tripping
High speed Enabled

external fault To local

IN>2 to 87BB
detection interruption tripping
(0.416ms) Enabled &

0 tN2
IN>2 &
22ms IN>2 to local 0
tripping
Enabled
2 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 42
 External Fault Confirmation -
Application of I>2, IN>2 Elements
EXAMPLE OF USE OF HIGH SPEED DETECTORS
I>2 and /or IN>2 TO BLOCK THE 87BB ELEMENT
BEFORE CT SATURATION

3000
3000 / 55 A
A 3000 / 5 A

3000 / 5 A
X X
X
150 / 5 A X I>2 enabled
X X X 25VA IN>2enabled
150 / 5 A Blocking
25VA 5P10
I>2 enabled order to
5P10 1500 / 5 A 87BB element
IN>2enabled
p h-ph 30 000 A
p h-ph <300 A p h-N 7 500 A
p h-N 0 A
TR12
115/13,8Kv
TR11 25 MVA
115/13,8Kv X = 12%
25 MVA
X = 12%

 The high value of phase or residual current through the CTs of feeder TR12
confirms an external fault (no possibility of significant infeed in internal fault)

3 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 43

 CT mixing requirements

 Low CT requirements

 Minimum knee point voltage given by:

 Vk > 0.5 x ISecExtFault x (RCT+ RB) for external fault

 Vk > ISecFeederIntFault x (RCT+ RB) for feeder internal fault contribution

 Conversion from IEC (X or P) to BS for a CT [Inp/In] A:

 Vk = 0,8 x [(SVA x Kscc) / In + (RCT x Kscc x In) ]

ANSI Equivalent IEC

C200 or T200 10P20, 50 VA (10% at 20 x In (= Kscc), S)

C400 or T400 10P20, 100VA

C800 or T800 10P20, 200 VA

4 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 44

 CT mixing requirements

 CT core can be shared with other protection

 CTs of different types and different ratios can be

accommodated (except TPZ)

 The PUs send the primary currents to the CU

5 > Numerical Busbar Protection MiCOM P740 - CT Saturation - February 2005 45