PROJECT

SCREENING
 What is a project?
• A project is a large or major undertaking, especially
one involving several people, participating with
different skills at different time, that need to coordinate
over the course of time. Because projects involve
significant resources and rely on a large and complex
course of actions, they need to be re‐ evaluated
regularly to assess if planned resources match
updated expected return. It has to be terminated when
no project repair can match returns for identified
alternative use of required resources.
The figure above is the fundamental inputs to the capital and
human resources capital resources to cover the costs of
investment; human resources to transform ideas into reality.
The return on capital from the process is the
profits taken out of the process by the participating
firms. The return on human resources is the
learning that takes place as problems are solved
through the project life cycle. The effective
achievement of both of these returns on the
resources deployed in the creation of constructed
assets is problematic construction firms have low
profitability compared to other sectors, and
learning often stays with the individual, rather than
being captured by the firm.  
 Project as an
Information
processing System
All organizations are, in essence,
information processing systems.
In order to function they must
monitor their environment, take
decisions, communicate their
intentions, and ensure that what
they intended to happen does
happen.
In manufacturing organizations, these
information flows generate and control flows
of materials as well. These information
flows are directed and enabled by the
structure of the organization, and the
problem of management is the problem of
continually shaping processes by
manipulating the structure what has been
called the tectonic approach to
organization.
 What is Project
Idea Note (PIN)?
A project idea note (PIN) is
communication tool used by
project developers and investors
early on in the process. It aids in
the conceptualization,
marketing, financing and
screening/evaluation of
projects.  
PIN Elements
• PIN is mainly a clear description of
project activities and technology
employed
• Identification of project participants and
arrangement for project implementation.
 Example: Case of electricity generation
project or agreement with municipality
regarding ownership of waste in case of
landfill project.
• Eligibility outline:
additionality and baseline
scenario
• Local, national, and global
benefits
• Risks
 Major Types of Projects
Based on Product of Project
Projects come with different
requirements related to scope,
timing, and cost, number of
disciplines involved, various
priority lists, and other variables
depending on the organization's
purposes.
Every project within academia,
government, industry, and not‐for‐
profit organizations will have specific
requirements. They can incorporate
creative role play, construction,
technology, community, and various
curriculum topics in order for
students to learn the content and
show what they know
There are different approaches that
are necessary to manage each of
the nine basic types of project.
These are:
 1. Administrative:
Administrative projects
involve intellectual
workers.  
 2. Construction:
Construction is a contract
business where the scope
is laid out in detail  
 3. Computer Software
Development: Software projects
are infamous for having the
scope change radically during
the project. Often they are
pushing the state of the art
which introduces high risk.  
4. Design of Plans:
Quality is of a
higher priority than
either time or cost
5. Equipment or System
Installation: A case of
thinking through all
contingencies ahead of
time  
 6. Event:
Detailed planning and
good teambuilding are
important in these complex
projects where timing is
critical.
8. New Product Development:
Quality is also critical and the
scope may change up or
down during the project.
 9. Research: It is an
intellectual process where
scope may not be defined
at all in the beginning.  
Other Types of Project
(Non‐standard)
1. Policy‐based “Program” ‐ It is a
policy‐based program that is used
to improve governance through
policy. It is also used for
development, institutional
strengthening & capacity building)
and/or overall economic support.
6
A program matrix program and framework interrelated
design, monitoring and evaluation tools for policy‐ based
lending. It is a “reform roadmap” helps to identify
assumptions & risks:    based on the program intervention
hypothesis. 
2. “Shotgun” Project  ‐it is a
single concept project
intervention. A
predetermined component
/output that is replicated at
different administrative or
geographic levels.
Examples are:
• Decentralized Governance:
Urban Services, Housing
• Projects; or a Rice Production
Program in several
• Provinces
Shotgun project is used to be
designed locally and approved
incrementally during
implementation of funding
approval structure by the same
administrative process.
3. “Christmas Tree” Project  ‐ It
packages differentiated sub‐projects
so that it may (or may not) be
replicated for different entities. It also
generates numerous diverse outputs
often unrelated to the project
purpose. 
Screening
Screening involves making a
preliminary determination of the
expected impact of a proposal on the
environment and of its relative
significance. It should be applied
systematically and consistently so that
the same decisions would be reached
if others conducted the screening
process.
The screening procedures employed
for this purpose can be classified into
two broad, overlapping approaches: a.
Prescriptive or standardized approach
– proposals subject to   b.
Discretionary or customized approach
– proposals are screened on an
individual or case‐by‐ case base, using
indicative guidance.
Specific methods used in screening
include:
- legal (or policy) definition of
proposals to which does or does not
apply;
- inclusion list of projects
- exclusion list of activities which do
not require EIA because they are
- insignificant or are exempt
by law (e.g. national
security or emergency
activities);
- criteria for case‐by‐case
screening of proposals  
- There can be also
extended screening.
Screening is a flexible
process and can be
extended into preliminary
forms of study.
 Project
Screening
Project screening is a stage‐
gate approach consists of
defining specific gateway a
project must go through that
validate, amend or terminate
the course of the project. 
The Fatal Flaw
Screening
Each level of the evaluation
process develops specific
screening and evaluation criterion.
For the first screening, there is a
relatively simple screening
criterion (“yes” or “no”) to ascertain
fatal flaws with any of the options.  
Any concept that receives a “no” in any
one of the first three criterions will be
judged to have a fatal flaw. If it is proven
not only be compatible with another
option but provides additional benefit to
that option.