Date: 5/6/2021

Data collection and sampling technics

Introduction

Prepared by; Eliyas Berihu

Data collection
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What is data ?
 Data is any set of characters
that is gathered and translated
for some purpose, usually
analysis.
 It can be any character,
including text and numbers,
pictures, sound, or video. 
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What is data-collection ?
 Data collection is an activity through which data ( specific
evidence ) gathered by means of constructed tools.

Purpose of data-collection ?

 To answer research questions or

 Verify hypothesis by way of interpretation of results.
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Planning for data-collection

Generally we need to answer or argue on

 What data are needed to adequately answer the question

/ solve the problem
 Where is it located?
 How can you get it?
 How will you interpret it? How will it help you answer
the question or solve the problem
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Data collection methods

 Primary data collection methods

• Data is collected through observation or through direct

communication with respondents.

1 Observation 4
1 Questionnaires

2 Interview 5
1 Content analysis

3 Focus group discussion

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Data collection methods

 Secondary data collection methods

• Data is collected through reading or through looking for

resource.
1 Publication data 2 Unpublished data

• Government publications • Diaries

• Journals • Letters

• Books, magazines, news paper • Biographies

• Web resource • Unpublished researches

• Reports
• Documents
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Admissibility of data
 Admissibility of data refers to the ability of data to be included
for analysis.

• In order for research to be replicable, it should be

able to be prepared by any other under precisely
the same condition
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Admissibility of data
 Admissibility of data refers to the ability of data to be included
for analysis.

Therefore, data inclusion criteria must be set

● certain criteria and Standards must be
adopted
● Limits must be established (e.g. age, height…)
so that data that are able to be admitted.
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Measurement of data
There are four scales of data measurement

Categorical

1, Nominal scale of measurement

2, Ordinal scale of measurement

Metric

3,Interval scale of measurement

4, Ratio scale of measurement
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Measurement of data

 Nominal scale of measurement

Categorical• Categorizes by the quality that exists or not.

• we cannot say anything more about relationships

among the states except categorizing.

Metric  Data are measured by assigning names to them.

o Gender: girls and boys.

o Locations: Bole, Gulele
o Land-use : residential, commercial,…
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Measurement of data

 Ordinal scale of measurement

• Shows relationships by comparing in terms of one

being equal, greater or higher than another.
• i.e. Rank-order our data

Metric  It also provides nominal information, example

o Level of health; sick, healthy

o Rate of land-use change; high, medium, low
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Measurement of data

 Interval scale of measurement

• Identify not only which of the two subjects has the

more of a quality , but also how much it is.

Metric
 Values are expressed in numbers , example

o Level of health;500p sick, 1500p healthy

o Existing land-use; residential 45 ha, commercial 10 ha .. Etc.
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Measurement of data

 Ratio scale of measurement

• It has continuous units of measurement

• It has absolute zero point.
• It allow division and multiplication in comparing

Metric values
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Measurement of data

Metric
14

Measurement of data

Metric
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Why do we need scale of measurement ?

 The choice of level determines the methods of analysis that

can be undertaken.

 we can decide how to interpret the variable data.

N.B:- In the choice of measurement scales, a rule of thumb is to

use the lowest level of measurement that satisfies the study goal.
Metric
If you are not sure then use a higher level than the one you think
might be sufficient.
SAMPLING
Survey
1

Survey

 A survey collects information about a well-defined

population.
 This population need not necessarily consist of persons.  
e.g. households, streets, buildings, foot ball fields, farms…
etc.
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Survey

Census survey Sampling survey

 Every member of the  Less-than 100 % of the
population is surveyed. population is surveyed.
 It is expensive.  Cheap
 Time consuming (slow  Quick
speed).  If the sample is selected in a
 Increase the response burden clever way it is possible to
on people and makes them make inference about the
less inclined to cooperate. whole population.
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Sample Survey Key words

 Population
• Group from whom/which we need information about
a particular group of people or items. 

 Sampling frame
• The population of interest from which sample is
selected.

 Sampling units / elements

• These are items to be sampled.
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Sample Survey Key words

 Sampling frame
• Ideally it should be identical to the population.
• If sampling frame is not identical to the
population then, there will be either
undercover age or over coverage w/h lead to
wrong conclusion about the population of
interest.
• It takes form of a list or map.
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Possible errors

1, Coverage error
 Frame error 1
2
2, Sampling error Sample
Population
Sampling
3 Responseframe
 Chance error

3, Non-response error
 Response error
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Sample type
1,Random/probability 2,Non-random/non probability
-All units in the frame have known -Elements of the population have an
nonzero probability of selection. unknown chance of being selected.
-well defined population and sampling -population may not be well defined.
frame. - Difficult to draw inferences (can be
-possible to draw inferences from the representative or not).
sample to the population -Less difficult to achieves b/c of less
(representative). time, cost and ethical issues.
-Can be difficult to achieve because of
time, cost, and ethical issues.
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Random / probability Sampling method

 Simple
• Each member of the sampling frame is given a number.
• The sample is selected using random numbers
generated using a computer, calculator, or other
machines (e.g lottery).
 Systematic
• List or put population in some order.
• Choose every Kth member from the list or map after obtaining
a random starting point.
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Random / probability Sampling method

 Stratified
• Population is split proportionally in to “categories” or “strata”
which together form the whole population.
• Random sampling from each strata (age, groups, regions).
 Cluster
• Based on natural subgroups/clusters.
• First, choose random sample of the clusters then sample within
each cluster.
• Does not require complete sampling frame.
• is cheaper but might not be representative.
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Non-random / Non-probability Sampling method

 Purposive / judgmental or expert sample /

• Applying expert knowledge of the population to select in
a nonrandom manner a sample of elements that
represents /logically/ across-section of the population.
• another expert can come up with different sampled
elements form the target population in terms of
characteristics and typical elements.
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Non-random / Non-probability Sampling method

 Convenience
• People / areas / are sampled simple because they are
“convenient “or easily accessible sources of data
researchers.
• Systematic error / over or under estimation /.
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Non-random / Non-probability Sampling method

 Quota
• Population divided in to groups/stratified/
• Set a target number of completed interview with specific
subgroups of the population.
• The target size of the subgroup is based on known
information about the target population (e.g census data )
• Bias in the selection of people to interview.
THANK YOU