MBEYA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN AND DETAILING II (CEH7422)

NTA LEVEL 7B– SECOND SEMESTER
2013/2014 ACADEMIC YEAR

ENG. JULIUS J. NALITOLELA/PROF. J. MSAMBICHAKA

 TOPIC 1: WIND LOAD CALCULATION
CONTENT

1. Background

2. Codes of practice/guideline

3. Definitions

4. Wind speed areas in Tanzania

5. Design procedures

6. Examples

7. Load partial factor of safety and load combination

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 1. Background

Wind represents masses of air moving mainly horizontally (parallel to the

ground) from areas of high pressure to ones of low pressure.

Wind generates pressures on external (and also internal) surfaces of

structures

The main effect of wind is a horizontal loading of buildings (especially

high-rise). This effect of the wind on the structure (i.e. the response of
the structure), depends on the size, shape and dynamic properties of
the structure

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 1. Background
When the wind enters the building from the windward side and leeward
side is relative closed, internal pressure is developed that acts like
negative pressure

Similarly, when high speed wind passes by a building, it produces a

vacuum on the leeward side, this vacuum results in internal suction
producing negative pressure from the structure

Keeping the movements in the upper levels of the building to

acceptable human tolerances is the goal of the structural engineer.

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 1. Background

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 2. Codes of practice & Guideline
 CP3: Chapter V: Part 2

BRU Technical Guideline no. 2 – LOADS FOR STRUCTURAL

DESIGN

 BS 6399-2:1997

 Reynolds C.E and Steednam J.E (1981)

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 3. Definitions
 Design strength -characteristic strength divided by material strength
coefficient

 Material coefficient- partial coefficient of material (the coefficient takes

account of the unpredictable variations of the properties, inaccuracy of
calculation models, geometrical data etc.)

 Limit state - a particular state which a structure or a component

has attained due to loads acting on it when it is at the point of no longer
fulfilling the particular requirement it was designed for.

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 3. Definitions
 Ultimate limit state- is the state corresponds to the requirement
governing structurally safety against complete collapse due to excessive
loading

 Serviceability limit state- the serviceability limit state corresponds to

requirements governing normal use and durability state.

 basic wind speed the hourly mean wind speed with an annual probability
risk of being exceeded of 0.02, irrespective of wind direction, at a height of
10 m over completely flat terrain at sea level that would occur if the
roughness of the terrain was uniform everywhere

  site wind speed the basic wind speed modified to account for the altitude
of the site and the direction of the wind being considered

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 3. Definitions

 effective wind speed the site wind speed modified to a gust speed by
taking account of the effective height, size of the building

 Gusts are variations in the local winds, which are of a smaller character

 dynamic pressure the potential pressure available from the kinetic energy
of the effective wind speed

   pressure coefficient the ratio of the pressure acting on a surface

to the dynamic pressure

  external pressure the pressure acting on an external surface of a building

caused by the direct action of the wind

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 3. Definitions
  internal pressure the pressure acting on an internal surface of a building
caused by the action of the external pressures through porosity and
openings in the external surfaces of the building

 net pressure the pressure difference between opposite faces of a surface

  building height the height of a building or part of a building above its base

  reference height the reference height for a part of a structure is the datum
height above ground for the pressure coefficients and is defined with the
pressure coefficients for that part

 obstruction height the average height above ground of buildings, structures

or other permanent obstructions to the wind immediately upwind of the site

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 3. Definitions
  effective height the height used in the calculations of the effective wind
speed determined from the reference height with allowance for the
obstruction height

  building length the longer horizontal dimension of a building or part of a

building

  building width the shorter horizontal dimension of a building or part of a

building or structural element being considered and of permanent
obstructions upwind

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 4. Wind speed in Tanzania
 Light wind areas

 Inland, except areas mentioned below

 Particularly protected areas ling within the heavy wind areas mentioned below

 Strong wind areas

 Coastal regions including the islands (from shores to approximately 50 km up

country)

 Lake regions (Lake Nyasa, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, from the shores to
approximately 50 km up country

 Mountain and other areas where experience shows that particularly strong
winds

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 5. DESIGN PROCEDURE– reynolds’ table 13
& 14
 STEP 1: DETERMINATION OF SITE BASIC SPEED (Vb )

Refer to definition part of this presentation , the determination of basic wind speed; Vb is
from annual wind studies at a particular place as related to probability of wind speed
occurrence

 STEP 2: DETERMINATION OF DESIGN WIND SPEED

Vs = Vb x S1 x S2 x S3

Whereby, Vb – Basic wind speed , S1 – Multiplier related to topology

S2 – multiplier related to height above ground and wind breaking,

S3 – multiplying factor related to life of structure

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 5. DESIGN PROCEDURE–STANDARD
METHOD
 Values of S1 may generally always be taken as unity
except in the following cases: On sites adversely affected
by very exposed hill slopes and crests where wind
acceleration is known to occur: S1 = 1.1, On sites in
enclosed steep-sided valleys completely sheltered from
winds: S1 = 0.9

 Values of S3 is a probability factor relating the likelihood of

the design wind speed being exceeded to the probable life
of the structure. A value of unity is recommended for
general use and corresponds to an excessive speed
occurring once in fifty years.

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 5. DESIGN PROCEDURE–STANDARD
METHOD

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 5. DESIGN PROCEDURE–STANDARD
METHOD
 Generally, BRU Guidelines no. 2, highlighted the design
wind speed in Tanzania, which depend on the wind
areas such as:
o In Light wind areas

Vs = (35/3)*(log (h)+ 2)

o In strong wind area

Vs = (45/3)*(log (h)+ 2)

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 5. DESIGN PROCEDURE–STANDARD
METHOD
 STEP 3: DETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC
WIND PRESSURE

Wk = 0.616*Vs 2

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 5. DESIGN PROCEDURE–STANDARD
METHOD
 STEP 4: DETERMINATION WIND PRESSURE TO THE STRUCTURE

External pressure

pe = qs x Cpe x Ca

Cpe is the external pressure coefficient

Ca is the size effect factor = 1

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

5. DESIGN PROCEDURE–STANDARD
METHOD

 Pressure to structure

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 5. DESIGN PROCEDURE–STANDARD
METHOD

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 5. DESIGN PROCEDURE–STANDARD
METHOD

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 5. DESIGN PROCEDURE–STANDARD
METHOD

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 5. DESIGN PROCEDURE–STANDARD
METHOD
 Internal pressure

pi = qs x Cpi x Ca

Cpi is the internal pressure coefficient

Ca is the size effect factor = 1

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

5. DESIGN PROCEDURE

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 5. DESIGN PROCEDURE–STANDARD
 STEP 5: NET PRESSURE DETERMINATION

p = pe – pi

 STEP 6: CHARACTERISTIC WIND FORCE

DETERMINATION

W k= (pe – pi) *A

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 6. EXAMPLES
 Example 1 - One MUST building

 Example 2 - Mkapa tower – Dar es Salaam

 Example 3 - A small building in Kariakoo surrounded by higher

buildings

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

 7. PARTIAL FACTOR OF SAFETY AND LOAD
COMBINATION
Load combination Safety factors

Dead load Imposed load Wind load

1. Dead 1.4

2. Dead + Imposed 1.4 1.6 -

3. Dead + Wind 0.9 or 1.4 - 1.4

4. Dead + Imposed + Wind 1.2 1.2 1.2

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION