Poultry Production

The Poultry Production in the Tropics

 Chapter 1
Introduction
 1.1. Historical Background

1.1.1. Poultry Species

● The term “ poultry” refers to the species of domesticated birds
that are kept to satisfy certain human needs, particularly food.
● The species which is widely accepted as poultry: Chicken,
Duck, Goose, Turkey, Guinea Fowl, Pigeon, Pheasant, and
Ostrich. Among the poultry species, chickens by far are the
most popular poultry raised today followed by Ducks.
Domesticated Birds Origin and Economic Uses
 Word Origins Related to Poultry

Word origins related to poultry fall into three groups: Derived from Old English,
derived from Middle French, and others.
 Poultry-related words derived from Old English.
 Chicken, from Old English word cicen (chicken).
 Chick (“baby” chicken), a diminutive1 of chicken.
 Cock (adult male chicken), from the Old English word kok (male chicken).
 Cockerel (male chicken), a diminutive of cock.
 Duck, from the Old English word duce (duck) (from the Germanic ducan,
meaning “to dive”).
 Dove, from the Old English word dufe (dove).
 Fowl, from the Old English word fogul (a bird or to fly).
 Goose, from the Old English word gos (goose).
 Hen, from the Old English word henna (female chicken).
 Word Origins Related to Poultry

 Poultry-related words derived from Middle French.

 Ostrich, from the Middle French word ostrice (ostrich).
 Pigeon, from the Middle French word pijon (pigeon) from the Late
Latin pipion, meaning “a young bird,” and from the Latin pipire,
meaning “to chirp”).
 Poultry, pullet, and poult, from the Middle French poult (female
chicken) (itself from the Lain pullus, meaning “small chicken”). Quail,
from the Middle French word caille.
 Poultry-related words derived from other languages.
 Emu, from Portuguese ema.
 Rooster (adult male chicken), from American English (bird that roosts).
A replacement for the arguably offensive word cock.
What do you call a young Turkey?

Poult
The young of a domesticated Turkey
 1.1.2. Popularity and Uses of Poultry

Poultry has been a part of human lives since at least the Neolithic Revolution.
There has been tremendous growth in poultry and egg production globally.
There is high global consumer demand for poultry meat and eggs due to the
following:
 The taste, flavor, texture, juiciness, and overall enjoyability of eating poultry
meat.
 The versatility of eggs cooked as meals, into cakes, and in the manufacture
of processed foods.
 Excellent nutritional content with high-quality protein, vitamins, and
minerals together with relatively low fat.
 Low price. Due to improvements in the efficiency of production, the price of
poultry meat and eggs has declined relative to the ability of people to buy.
 1.1.3. Domestication and Poultry Raising

The idea of keeping certain bird species and reproducing them in captivity came
early in the history of human civilization, particularly during the Mid-6000 BC.

Domestication and Early use of Chickens

o Chickens were domesticated for food (eggs and meat) and/or for cockfighting.
o The origin of today’s chickens were domesticated from junglefowl (genus:
Gallus).
o The species of junglefowl are Red junglefowl (species: Gallus gallus) from
Southeast Asia, Green or Javan junglefowl (Gallus varius) from the islands
of Indonesia; Sri Lankan junglefowl (also known as Ceylon or Lafayette’s
junglefowl) (Gallus lafayettii) from Sri Lanka and Grey junglefowl (also
known as Sommerat’s junglefowl) (Gallus sonneratii) from the Indian
subcontinent
 General Species of Junglefowl

Red Junglefowl Grey Junglefowl

Sri Lankan Junglefowl Green Junglefowl

 1.1.3. Domestication and Poultry Raising

Domestication of Turkeys, Ducks, and Geese

 Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) were domesticated in the New World
by the pre-Columbian civilizations (Aztecs and pre-Aztec peoples)
of present-day Mexico and Central America about 2,000 years ago.
 In the Philippines, it is believed that Spanish colonists from Mexico
introduce duck raising in Pateros as a primary source of eggs.
 Ducks and geese were domesticated multiple times in different
places. The two major species of domesticated ducks are Pekin
ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and Muscovy ducks (Cairina
moschata), respectively. Pekin ducks were domesticated at least
3,000 years ago in what is today China
 Species of Ducks

Muscovy Duck Pekin Duck

Mallard Duck
 1.1.4. Global Growth of Poultry and Egg
Production

 Chicken meat is a major source of meat and eggs globally.

 Chicken production today surpasses that of beef, lamb, and goat meat,
particularly in third developing and developed countries.

1. The three top countries for

chicken meat production account
for two-fifths of global chicken
production. The (1) the United
States, (2) Brazil, and (3) China
2. The top producing country of
Duck and Chicken eggs are
(1)China, (2) United States,
(3)India, (4) Japan, (5)Russia,
(6) Mexico, (7) Brazil, (8)
France, (9) Indonesia and (10)
Turkey.
 1.1.3. Domestication and Poultry Raising

Domestication of Turkeys, Ducks, and Geese

 Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) were domesticated in the New World
by the pre-Columbian civilizations (Aztecs and pre-Aztec peoples)
of present-day Mexico and Central America about 2,000 years ago.
 In the Philippines, it is believed that Spanish colonists from Mexico
introduce duck raising in Pateros as a primary source of eggs.
 Ducks and geese were domesticated multiple times in different
places. The two major species of domesticated ducks are Pekin
ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and Muscovy ducks (Cairina
moschata), respectively. Pekin ducks were domesticated at least
3,000 years ago in what is today China
 1.2. The Philippine Poultry Industry

1.2.1. Number and Distribution

 Poultry species specifically Chicken and Ducks are kept in both large
commercial and backyard operations. The majority of the production
systems are semi-subsistence which comprises the overall chicken and duck
population in the country around 85%.
 As of September 2022, the total chicken inventory reached 200.21 million
head with a total live weight production of 454.38 thousand metric tons.
While the total inventory of ducks reached 13.66 million heads and live
weight production of 6.61 thousand metric tons.
 For table Egg production which mainly comes from chickens reached 185.58
thousand metric tons.
 Cont.

Top Producing Regions

 For Chicken Production
 Central Luzon with 145.21 thousand metric tons
 CALABARZON with 69.45 thousand metric tons
 Northern Mindanao with 42.65 thousand metric tons
 Western Visayas with 34.64 thousand metric tons
 Central Visayas with 32.48 thousand metric tons
 For Duck Production
 Central Luzon with 2.17 thousand metric tons
 SOCCSKSARGEN with 1.17 thousand metric tons
 Western Visayas with 0.67 thousand metric tons
 Cagayan Valley with 0.61 thousand metric tons
 Northern Mindanao with 0.34 thousand metric tons
 Cont.

Top Producing Regions

 For table Egg production
 CALABARZON with 63.48 thousand metric tons
 Central Luzon with 38.22 thousand metric tons;
 Central Visayas with 21.25 thousand metric tons;
 Northern Mindanao with 12.38 thousand metric tons; and
 Western Visayas with 9.29 thousand metric tons.
1.3. Structure of the Industry
 1.3.1. Constraints, Opportunities, and Challenges

Constraints
 High cost of production in relation to farm gate prices.
 Higher cost and unstable supply of good quality inputs.
 Marketing system is the inefficiency of the market system
 Prevalence of diseases
 Climate
 Lack of Finance
 Lack of government price support for poultry products.
 Cont.

Opportunities and Challenges

 Increasing Population and Demand for Poultry Products

 Cont.

Opportunities and Challenges

 Increasing Consumer Preference for Higher Food Quality and

Safety
 Cont.

Opportunities and Challenges

 Increasing Demand for Organically Produced Products.

 Advantages of Poultry Raising

 High feed efficiency

 Fast Return of Investment
 Low land requirements
 Adaptability to small and large commercial enterprise
 High return compared to feed costs
 Disadvantages of Poultry Raising

 Serious problems with diseases and parasites.

 Need for a high level of management ability
 Large amount of capital in larger operations
 Limitations of zoning on the location of flocks