Process of

Communication
The Communication is a two-way process wherein the
message in the form of
Ideas,
Thoughts,
Feelings,
Opinions
is transmitted between two or more persons with the intent of
creating a shared understanding.
Communication Process
The communication is a dynamic process that
begins with the conceptualizing of ideas by
the sender

who then transmits the message through a

channel to the receiver,
who in turn gives the feedback in the form of
some message or signal within the given time
frame.

Thus, there are Seven major elements of

Communication Models
Linear models – only looks at one-way communication.

Interactive models – looks at two-way communication.

Transactional models – looks at two-way communication where the

message gets more complex as the communication event (e.g.
conversation) progresses.
 Aristotle argues that we should look at five elements
Aristotle’s of a communication event to analyze how best to
1. Linear
Model communicate: speaker, speech, occasion, target
audience and effect.
 Lasswell’s model is a basic framework for
analyzing one-way communication by
2. Lasswell’s Model Linear asking five questions: Who, said what,
through which channel, to whom, with
what effects?
 The Shannon-Weaver model is the first to highlight the
Shannon-Weaver
3. Linear role of ‘noise’ in communication, which can disrupt or
Model
alter a message between sender and receiver.
 Berlo’s S-M-C-R model explains communication in
Berlo’s S-M-C-R
4. Linear four steps: Source, Message, Channel,
Model
and Receiver.
 The Osgood-Schramm model looks at reciprocal
Osgood-Schramm communication, showing how we have to encode,
5. Interactive
Model decode, and interpret information in real-time during a
conversation.
Osgood-Schramm Model
 The Westley and Maclean model shows that our
Westley and
6. Interactive communication is influenced by environmental, cultural
Maclean Model
and personal factors.
 Barnlund’s Barnlund’s Transactional Model of
7. Transactional Transactional Communication highlights the role of private and
Model public cues that impact our messages.
Barnlund’s Transactional Model
 Dance’s Helical Model sees communication as a
Dance’s Helical circular process that gets more and more complex
8. Transactional
Model as communication occurs, which can be
represented by a helical spiral.